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LING Module 2
Chapter 2 Term from Essentials of Language, 2nd edition
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Performativity | The idea that language is not just a means of communication but also a way of performing social actions & constructing social realities |
| Performative | Refers to the idea that language is not just a means of communication but also a way of performing social actions & constructing social realities |
| Performative speech acts | A type of utterance that not only conveys information but also performs a social action or function that can bring about a change in the world |
| Utterance | A unit of speech or writing produced by a speaker or writer in a particular context |
| Performative accomplishment | The idea that our identities & social realities are constructed through our language use & other social practices |
| Socially constructed | Refers to the idea that many aspects of our language & culture are created & maintained through social interaction and agreement |
| Emotional effect | The impact that language can have on our emotions & feelings |
| Swear word | Words or expressions considered vulgar, offensive, or taboo in certain contexts or communities, e.g., profanity, blasphemy, sexually explicit language, etc. |
| Taboo language | Words or expressions that are considered socially or culturally unacceptable or inappropriate in certain contexts or communities |
| Context | The surrounding words, expressions, & situations that give meaning to a particular word or utterance |
| Culturally offensive | Refers to language or communication that is considered disrespectful, insensitive, or inappropriate within a particular cultural context |
| Association | The way words or expressions are linked together in the mind of a speaker or listener |
| Taboo | A social or cultural prohibition against the use of certain words, expressions, or topics, e.g., sex, death, bodily functions, religion, politics, etc. |
| Taboo avoidance | The practice of avoiding the use of certain words or expressions that are considered taboo or culturally sensitive |
| Ordinary use | The typical or everyday use of language to refer to objects or concepts in the world |
| Metalinguistic | Referring to the use of language to talk about language itself |
| Use-mention distinction | The difference between using a word to refer to an object or concept in the world and mentioning a word as a linguistic object itself |
| Being meta | Tthe act of using language to talk about language itself, rather than using language to refer to objects or concepts in the world |
| Slur | An insulting term referring to a particular group of people based on their race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, or other characteristic |
| Circumlocution | The use of indirect language to express an idea or concept, e.g., to avoid using offensive or taboo language, to express politeness or deference, etc. |
| Mask | The practice of replacing certain letters or sounds in a word with symbols or other characters in order to obscure or censor the word |
| Offense | A kind of social and/or psychological harm done to discourse participants by language that is considered inappropriate, disrespectful, or distressing |
| Vulgarity | The use of language to express ideas or concepts that are considered to be crude, obscene, or offensive, e.g., words involving taboo bodily references |
| Expletive | A word or phrase that expresses strong emotions or fills a syntactic slot without adding any significant meaning to a sentence |
| Derogation (or Pejoration) | The use of language to belittle, insult, or disparage a person or group of people or an expression that does this |
| Utterer | The person who produces or speaks a particular utterance or sentence |
| Referent | The object, concept, or entity that a word or phrase refers to, points to, or represents in the world |
| Derogatory (or Pejorative) | Referring to an expression that disparages or insults people |
| Coded slur | A derogatory expression used to denigrate a particular group of people but dependent on in-group knowledge to convey the insulting meaning |
| In-group | Refers to a group of people who share a common identity, culture, or language & who use language in ways specific to that group |
| Particularistic insult or General pejorative | An expression used to condemn a specific person (not an entire group of people) for some specific behavior at some specific time |
| Toxicity | The harmful or negative effects that language can have on individuals or groups, e.g., hate speech, verbal abuse, & other forms of injurious language |
| Reclaim | The process of taking a word or phrase that has historically been used as a slur or insult & re-appropriating it as a term of empowerment or solidarity |
| Matched-Guise Study | A research method to investigate language attitudes & biases by presenting the same linguistic stimulus but labeled with different guises (such as different names or accents) |
| Stimulus | Any kind of linguistic input or material presented to a listener or reader to elicit a response or reaction |
| Guise | The way a linguistic stimulus is presented or labeled to elicit a particular response or reaction from the listener or reader |
| Deadname | The act of referring to a transgender or non-binary person by a name they used prior to transitioning |
| Indexical bleaching | Altering or diminishing the meaning or significance of a word, name, or expression, e.g., by mispronunciation, deliberate anglicization, or the outright imposition of a new name |
| Pronoun | A type of word used to replace a noun or noun phrase in a sentence |
| Noun | A type of word used to name a person, place, thing, or idea |
| Misgender | The act of referring to someone using a pronoun or gendered language that does not align with their gender identity |
| Specific-singular-they | The pronoun "they" to refer to an individual who identifies as non-binary or genderqueer or whose gender is unknown or irrelevant in a particular context |
| Uptalk | A speech pattern in which a speaker's intonation rises at the end of a declarative sentence, making it sound like a question |
| Vocal fry or Creak | A way of producing speech with very low frequency vibrations of the vocal folds so that it sounds creaky |
| Accent | The way person pronounces words & phrases as influenced by one's native language, regional dialect, social background, etc. |
| Stigmatized | Refers to a linguistic feature or variety that is viewed negatively by society or a particular group of people |
| (Linguistic) Stigma | The negative attitudes & expectations people have about certain linguistic features or varieties, such as accents, dialects, or languages |
| Black English | A variety of English spoken by some African Americans in the US; also known as African American Vernacular English (AAVE) |
| First language or L1 | The language(s) that you learned from birth from the people around you |
| L2 | Any language learned after L1, even if it’s a person’s third or fourth language |
| Accent neutralization | The process of modifying one's accent or speech patterns to sound more like a native speaker of a particular language or dialect |
| Perceptual adaptation | The ability of listeners to adjust to unfamiliar accents or speech patterns through exposure and practice |
| Language policy | A set of principles, rules, & guidelines that govern the use of language in a particular context or society |
| Francophone | A person or community whose primary language is French |
| Anglophone | A person or community whose primary language is English |
| Linguistic nationalism | A political ideology emphasizing the importance of a particular language as a symbol of national identity & unity |
| Multiculturalism | A social & political philosophy that recognizes & values the diversity of cultures & ethnicities within a society |
| Home language | The language or languages that a person learns and uses in their home environment, typically from their family members or community |
| Linguistic imperialism | The dominance of one language over other languages, often as a result of political, economic, or cultural power |
| Linguistic colonialism | The suppression of language as part of a more general oppression of Indigenous cultures by settler-colonial powers |
| Linguicide | The killing of a language |
| Residential school | A type of educational institution established with the aim of assimilating Indigenous children into the dominant culture |
| Ancestral language | A language that is part of an individual's cultural heritage & has been passed down through generations of their family or community |
| Language reclamation | The process of reclaiming a language that has been lost or suppressed due to historical or cultural factors |
| Language revitalization | The process of bringing a language back from the brink of extinction or reviving a language that has been in decline |
| Bilingualism | The ability of an individual to speak & understand two languages fluently |
| Linguistics assimilation | The process of adopting the language of a dominant culture, often at the expense of one’s own language or cultural identity |
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