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Linguistic Terms
Linguistic Terms and Symbols
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ablaut | alternation between different vowels within one paradigm or in different derivatives of a root e.g. sing, sang, sung |
| affricate | a combination of a stop and a fricative e.g. ch in church or j in jaw |
| approximant | same as semivowel sound that falls between a vowel and a consonant e.g. y in you or w water |
| aspiration | voiceless pronunciation of the first part of a vowel after a voiceless consonant, as if an h follows the consonant e.g. p in pen |
| attestation | instance of a word form appearing in a text |
| attested | appearing in a text or language known from written texts |
| cognate | an etymologically related sound or word |
| dental | a sound pronounced with the tongue touching the front teeth e.g. d or t |
| diacritic | a distinctive sign such as the umlaut |
| diphthong | a combination of a vowel and a semivowel within the same syllable e.g. mouse and pie |
| finite verb form | a conjugated verb form e.g. am, is or was |
| fortis/fortes | tense pronunciation of stops; can be paired with voicelessness, longer duration of stop and aspiration |
| gloss | explanatory comment on a word from, consisting of grammatical information and translation |
| glottalization | the partial closure of the vocal folds e.g. uh-oh between the schwa and the oh |
| infinite verb form | unconjugated verb form e.g. the dictionary form of a verb |
| labial | sound produced with the lips e.g. p or b |
| laryngeal | sound produced with the larynx e.g. h |
| lenis/lenes | lax, non-tensed, pronunciation of stops, characterized by the absence of features of fortis stops |
| morphology | the study of word forms |
| occlusive | stop articulation which blocks the vocal tract |
| palatal | consonant pronounced with the hard palate |
| palatalization | shifting of the pronunciation of a consonant toward the hard palate e.g. from k to ch as in chin from older *kin |
| paradigm | set of all the inflectional forms of a word e.g. the paradigm of the present tense of the verb to be is: am, are, is, are, are, are |
| pharyngeal | a sound produced with the pharynx |
| phoneme | a minimally distinctive sound of a language e.g. t and d |
| phonetics | the study of the pronunciation and perception of speech sounds |
| phonology | the study of the function of speech sounds; describes a set of minimally distinctive sounds in a language |
| plosive | stop the release burst of the consonant |
| resonant | sonorant consonant; in English, inherently voiced consonants e.g. r, l, m, n |
| root | the basic form of a word without suffixes or endings e.g. like is the root of liking, likely and likeable |
| schwa | mid central vowel e.g. the and the second syllable of sofa |
| semivowel | sound that falls between a vowel and a consonant e.g. y in you or w in water |
| sibilant | a hissing sound e.g. s or z |
| stem | root plus suffixes without the ending e.g writings |
| stop | occlusive or plosive consonant e.g. t or b |
| suffix | a part of a word with a grammatical or derivational function e.g. the second part of used, using, useful |
| syllabic | like a vowel, forming the nucleus of a syllable |
| velar | vowel pronounced with the soft palate e.g. k or g |
| * | hypothetical precedes a word or sound that is reconstructed or otherwise not securely attested in writing |
| - | indicates that the letters before or after it are part of a word e.g. oo in the word book |
| < > | indicate that a particular sound has changed into another sound e.g. a to o |
| ā | macron indicates that the duration of the vowel is longer than that of the same vowel without a makron |
| ś | indicates that the consonant has a palatal pronunciation |
| š | hachek indicates that the consonant has a palatal pronunciation |
| ʷ | indicates that the preceding sound is pronounced with rounding of the lips e.g. qu in quick |
Created by:
KatetheCatLady
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