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Female Reproductive
A&P II ch. 28
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| primary organs | gonads are sex organs, ovaries (F) gametes produce and house ova (F) |
| female secondary organs | location for fusion of egg and sperm, environment for nourishing a fertilized egg, completion of cycle at birth of infant |
| female reproductive system | produces gametes provides site of fertilizations carries and nourishes fetus gives birth to infant provides milk to baby |
| breast | radial arrangement of lobes modified sweat glands |
| mammary glands | clusters of alveoli which produce milk |
| secretory lobule | clusters of mammary glands |
| mammary duct | drain the lobules; lined with columnar epithelium |
| lactiferous sinus | drain the milk toward the lactiferous duct (15-20 per breast) |
| lactiferous duct | opens independently in the nipple |
| lobes contain | mammary glands, mammary duct, secretory lobule, lactiferous duct and sinus |
| Suspensory ligaments | support weight of breast tissue form divisions between breast lobes arranged in radial pattern like wheel spokes loosen over time |
| breast cancer | causes tension on the ligaments. lead to pitting |
| pitting (orange peel) | pathognomonic for a tumor on the suspensory ligaments |
| pectoral muscle | right under breasts |
| submammary space | separates breast from muscle buffer to stave off cancer |
| deep fascia | tough fibrous sheath that covers pectoral muscles |
| Nipple | raised region of tissue on the surface of the breast from which milk leaves the breast -milk can leave passively or can be ejected through smooth muscle contractions along duct system |
| Aerola | pigment area surrounding nipple contains many sebaceous glands in both aerola and nipple pink before pregnancy, darker after pregnancy and stays that way |
| Sebum | lubricates nipple during suckling |
| Mons pubis (Mons) | mound of hair covered adipose tissue, forming superior part of vulva overlies the pubic symphysis divides into a furrow at the base to become pudendal cleft and labia majora Sensitive to estrogen- shrinks with estrogen reduction |
| Estrogen in women | higher in child bearing years |
| Labia Majora | thick, external fold of skin (fibrous + adipose tissue) to either side of vestibule, forming most of visible vulva covered by pubic hair in mature female large # of sebaceous and sweat glands close off vulva as pudendal cleft |
| labioscrotal swelling | evolves into labia majora in women |
| Labia Minora | smaller fold of skin lying within the labia majora, one to either side of vestibule, and is less visible part of the vulva no hair or fat has sebaceous glands |
| Sebaceous glands in labia minora | oil helps lubricate area and create barrier against infection |
| Urogential fold | evolves into the labia minora in females |
| Vulval Vestibule | longitudinal cleft between labia minora contains urethral and vaginal openings Greater vestibular (Bartholin's) glands Lesser vestibular/paraurtheral (Skene's) glands |
| Greater Vestibular (Bartholin's) glands | located to either side of vaginal opening secrete mucus for lubrication of entrance impacted gland must be surgically corrected |
| Lesser Vestibular (Skene's) glands | lubricates urethral opening female ejaculation (secretion contains PSA and fructose)- male prostate gland is equivalent |
| Hymen | thin laver of mucus membrane blocking vaginal opening in young girls must be incomplete/broken to allow menstrual flow |
| Perineum | area of skin between the vaginal opening and anus in females; between the scrotum and anus in males |
| Urogenital triangle | anterior portion in both men and women contains the roots of the external genitalia in men and the openings of the urethra and vagina in women |
| Anal triangle | contains the anus and in both men and women |
| Vagina | connection between vaginal orifice (opening) and uterine os (cervix) fibromuscular, elastic tube Ant wall: 7.5 cm Post wall: 9 cm. normally collapsed stratified squamous epithelium Rugae |
| Vaginal collapse | anterior and posterior walls contact -separates to accommodate sexual activity -menstrual flow passes through to outside from uterus -allows baby natural birth exit from uterus |
| Stratified squamous epithelium in vagina | adult vaginal walls only, recovery from trauma of intercourse of birth |
| How does the vagina stay moist? | secretions of from cervix and greater vestibular glands |
| Glycogen conversion in vagina | converted to lactic acid for acidic protection |
| Uterus Structure | houses and nutures growing embryo from time of implantation to delivery -pear shaped, hollow muscular organ -located between the bladder (ant.) and rectum (post.) |
| 3 structures of uterus | Fundus Body Cervix |
| Fundus | domed uppermost portion, connects with uterine tubes. |
| Body of uterus | central region of the uterus |
| Cervix | inferior end, narrow central canal connects uterus to vagina glands in cervical canal secrete thick mucus during ovulation |
| 3 layers of Uterus | on fundus 1. Perimetrium 2. Myometrium 3. Endometrium |
| Perimetrium | outer layer, serous membrane sides of perimetrium are continuous with the broad ligament |
| Myometrium | thick middle layer composed of smooth muscl oxytocin stimulates contraction during delivery of a baby |
| Endometrium | innermost layer where embryo attaches layer shed during menstruation |
| Endometrium layer of Uterus | Permanent basal layer- next to myometrium, nursery layer stratum functionalis |
| Stratum Functionalis | innermost layer facing lumen of uterus thickens during first half of menstrual cycle, becoming rich in blood vessels prepares for fertilized egg no pregnancy= shed & discharged through uterus new functional layer rises from basal layer each month |
| Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes | aprox 10 cm long Isthmus Ampulla Infundibulum Fimbriae |
| Isthmus | portion of tube attached to uterus |
| Ampulla | middle portion of the tube, normal site of fertilization -lined with cillia to propel egg towards isthmus and into uterus |
| Infundibulum | distal, funnel-shaped end of the tube -doesn't attach directly to the ovaries |
| Fimbriae | finger-like projections that sweep egg into tube from ovary |
| Clitoris | mass of erectile tissue Glans clitoris Prepuce |
| Glans Clitoris | exposed part, analogous to male penis further protrusion of the genital tubercle in the in the female |
| Prepuce | cover over clitoris formed by the labia minora |
| Ovaries | female gonads situated to either side of uterus anchored by ovarian ligament + board ligament |
| 2 main functions of ovaries | 1. Produce female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone 2. Produce and release the ova (eggs) |
| Ovarian Cycle | aka menstrual or endometrial cycle purpose: to prepare endometrium of uterus to receive fertilized ovum Endometrium is vascularized to provide oxygen and nutrients for developing embryo until placenta develops avg. cycle 28 days controlled by hormones |
| 2 parts of ovarian cycle | Follicular Phase and Luteal Phase |
| Hormones in Ovarian Cycle | Follicular Phase- estrogen (esp. estradiol) -1st 1/2 cycle 14 days Luteal Phase- estradiol + progesterone 2nd 1/2 cycle 14 days |
| Folliculogenesis | females born with complete and finite number of ova limited #of primordial follicles are triggered to develop |
| Ovarian Follicle | contain an oocyte (immature egg) surrounded by follicular cells evolve during fetal period and support oocyte |
| Primordial Follicle | dormant, immature oocyte surrounded by one layer of follicular cells undergo mitosis and 1st meiotic division, halts until puberty |
| Primary follicle | contains primary oocyte develop FSH receptor, more receptors = more follicles grow Zona pellucida forms around oocyte, later allowing sperm to fuse |
| Secondary follicle | develops an antrum (blister of fluid) = Graafin follicle |
| Tertiary follicle | begin to secrete estrogen, particularly estradiol causes development of LH development |
| Preovulatory Follicle | monthly winners death of corpus luteum at the end of last cycle causes FSH levels to rise; recruits 5-7 antral follicles to compete w/ each other for FSH begin secretion of estrogen and inhibin (cutts off FSH) |
| Follices with less FSH | suffer atresia (apoptosis) |
| Follicles with the most FSH | becomes the dominant follicle and then the preovulatory follicle by day 13 |
| Ovulation | eruption of follicle from ovary when it binds LH on 13th day of cycle, stigma forms in preovulatory follicle covering and the ova still trapped ova will not complete meiosis II unless fertilized by a sperm caught by fimbriae travels down uterine tube |
| Two outcomes of ovulation | Fertilization- occurs in ampulla; oocyte will complete meiosis II and implant in uterus Menstruation- occurs if no fertilization occurs |
| Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) | controls first half of cycle to day 13 causes follicles to develop and compete preovulatory follicle |
| Estrogen = Estradiol | secreted by tertiary follicles causes functional layer of endometrium to build up |
| Luteinizing Hormone (LH) | causes preovulatory follicle to release oocyte (ovulation) |
| Progesterone | secreted by corpus luteum left behind from ovulation causes functional layer of endometrium to thicken and vascularize |
| Follicular phase | preovulatory follicle + FSH + estrogen mostly estradiol made by follicle 1st half of cycle |
| Luteal phase | corpus luteum + LH + progesterone 2nd half of cycle Progesterone made by CL |
| Ovum move through Uterine Tube | after ovulation, fimbriae sweep egg into infundibulum Cilia & peristalic motions of the tube propel ovum towards uterus epithelium secretes nourishing lubricating mucus for both egg and as a medium in which sperm can better swim |
| Zygote | fertilized egg (sperm meets ovum) |
| If no fertilization occurs | corpus luteum degenerates after 12 days, reducing the amnt of estrogen & progesterone secreted by the ovaries Corpus luteum degenerates into inactive scar tissue called corpus albicans (white body) Luteual phase ends, menstruation begins |
| Menstruation | loss of necrotic inner lining of the endothelium with some blood and serous fluid loss Hormone loss+vasopasm of blood vessels = necrosis Cramps are caused by contraction of d/t prostglandins blood ceases 4-7 days after onset due to re-epithelization |
| Menarche | beginning of puberty ages 11-15, beginning of regular cycle 1st cycle Estrogen increases 20x |
| Gonadotrophic hormones | ages 9-12 ant. pituitary gland produces FSH + LH female ovaries grow |
| Estrogen | Estradiol, estrone, estriol stimulate: growth & development vaginal epithelial changes (cubodial-stratified) Bone growth Fat deposited in subcutaneous tissue hair growth to androgens |
| Menopause | 40-50 yrs cycle become irregular primoridal follicles degenerate estrogen reduced to no follicles, lack cause menopausal issues |
| Missing Estrogen | estrogen stimulates bone growth and development hot flashes, irritability, mental fog, fatigue, anxiety |
| Osteopenia | lack of estrogen causes bone density to decrease |
| Osteoporosis | severe loss may cause fragile bones and fracture |
| Coronary artery disease due to Menopause | estrogen lowers cholesterol, so when lower estrogen, higher cholesterol |
Created by:
treylowrey1
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