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Program Final
A & P
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is the name of the thin superficial layer of the dermis? | papillary |
| in the body's tensegrity system, which components serve as the compression spacers? | bones |
| which bone is part of the axial skeleton? | sacrum |
| the functions of the muscular system are to maintain posture, create movement: | stabilize joints and generate heat |
| which neuroglial cell produces myelin in the central nervous system? | oligodendrocytes |
| what term is used to describe any change in the internal and external environment? | stimulus |
| a key component of the cytoplasm inside cells is the gel-like medium made up of 75-90% water called: | cytosol |
| which of these skeletal muscles is a type of pennate muscle? | deltoid |
| about 50% of bone tissue is calcified mineral salts deposited within the matrix, which is an equal mix of: | collagen fibers and ground substance |
| how does the muscular system help maintain body temperature? | heat is generated as a byproduct of muscle contraction |
| what structural feature allows capillaries to carry out their distinctive function? | a vessel wall made up of a single layer of epithelial cells |
| which muscle is the most lateral muscle of the erector spinae group? | iliocostalis |
| what are the 3 defining characteristics of the specific immune responses? | specificity, lymphocyte responses, creates memory |
| which cardinal plane divides the body into right and left sides? | sagittal |
| what is the definition of threshold stimulus? | the minimal amount of stimulus required to generate a contraction |
| where is the adductor muscle group located? | medial thigh |
| which of the following structures secretes progesterone? | corpus luteum |
| what is the function of a tendon? | connect muscles to bone |
| when threshold stimulus is applied to a motor unit, what happens? | all fibers in the unit contract fully |
| as a therapist touches their client, what kind of information is communicated to the client? | their own tissue status and the nature of the therapist's touch |
| what is the name of the indentation along the medial border of each kidney where the ureters, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit the organ? | hilus |
| what is the Krebs cycle? | an aerobic metabolic process in which ATP is produced by converting pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water |
| the female genitalia include the mons pubis, labia, clitoris, and: | vestibular glands |
| what type of muscle contraction increases muscle tension, but does not result in movement? | isometric |
| which of the following is an accurate description of a motor unit? | 1 motor neuron + multiple muscle fibers |
| what movement role is a muscle playing when it assists larger muscles during a particular motion? | synergist |
| what is the other anatomic term for the serosa layer of the GI tract? | visceral peritoneum |
| bones in the appendicular skeleton include the humerus, tibia, and: | clavicle |
| what classification of bone is embedded within tendon? | sesamoid |
| a muscle that opposes or slows down a specific motion is playing what movement role? | antagonist |
| in the second messenger method of hormone action, the first messenger is the: | hormone that stimulates the target cells |
| what is the function of the horizontal fascial bands of the body? | provide support to blood vessels and nerves and some rigidity to the torso |
| what type of muscle contraction maintains our posture and each muscle's state of readiness to contract fully? | tonic |
| the sarcomere of a skeletal muscle is a small unit of bundled: | actin and myosin |
| what is the common function of the anterior and posterior tibialis? | inversion |
| which of these structures is implicated when pain or limitation is present with both active and passive range of motion in one direction? | ligament |
| the perimysium is a layer of fascia that surrounds a group of muscle fibers, dividing the muscle into several compartments called: | fascicles |
| what seems to be the likely cause of delayed onset muscle soreness or DOMS? | inflammatory response related to microtrauma of muscle fibers |
| a wheelbarrow and standing heel raise exercises are examples of what class of lever? | second |
| which of these statements is the best explanation of reciprocal inhibition? | when the agonist is signaled to contract, the antagonist is inhibited |
| what is the most abundant type of plasma protein? | albumins |
| what layer of skin contains the melanocytes? | epidermis |
| the key characteristics of skeletal muscle include being excitable, contractile: | extensible and elastic |
| which of the lymphatic vessels do NOT have one-way valves? | initial and collecting capillaries |
| fluid or edema uptake depends on what two factors? | negative pressure inside the lymphatic network and opening the epithelial flaps of the initial vessel with light stretch |
| what type of bone tissue is made up of small circular units called osteons, or the haversian system? | dense |
| which layer of skin contains the blood vessels and sensory receptors? | dermis |
| what is the function of the epiglottis? | covering the opening to the trachea during swallowing |
| what are the functions of the large intestine? | absorption of water and elimination |
| what are the four different classifications of bone by shape? | short, long, flat, irregular |
| what fascial layer surrounds each skeletal muscle fiber? | endomysium |
| what membrane covers the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity? | visceral peritoneum |
| the kidneys help regulate both blood pressure and volume by initiating the RAA pathway with the release of what enzyme? | renin |
| what are the two basic categories of fiber arrangements in skeletal muscles? | parallel and pennate |
| which type of range of motion assessment is best at identifying a muscle strain? | isometric resistive |
| which muscle attachment is generally on the non-moving bone during motion? | origin |
| the endocrine system exerts the most control over which of these physiologic processes? | adjustments in fluid and pH levels |
| MALT tissues include tonsils and | Peyer patches |
| the three types of epithelial membranes in the body are the cutaneous, ______, and _______. | serous and mucous |
| what type of compound always contains carbon molecules? | organic |
| muscle names are generally descriptive of their size, shape, function, location, attachment points, fiber direction, and: | number of origins |
| if the muscle has fascicles with shorter fibers running in an oblique line to a central tendon, what category of muscle architecture is it? | pennate |
| what is the name for the three tiny bones inside each ear? | ossicles |
| what connective element of skeletal muscle is described as the tenoperiosteal junction? | the fibrous connective tissue between the periosteum and tendon |
| which of these statements about motor units is most accurate? | each muscle fascicle contains multiple motor units |
| what movement role is assigned to the muscles that hold the scapula and clavicle in place during shoulder motions? | fixator |
| what is the definition of physiology? | the study of the functions of the human organism and all its component parts |
| the "deep six" muscles that laterally rotate the hip are the piriformis, gemellus superior and inferior, the: | obturator internus, quadratus femoris, and obturator externus |
| why is it important for manual therapists to know the structures and functions of the skeletal system? | to recognize structural imbalances |
| what is the name of the physiologic theory that explains the relationship between muscle length and the force generated by its contraction? | length-strength ratio |
| which of the hamstring muscles inserts on the head of the fibula? | biceps femoris |
| nervous system functions can be summarized as sensory, __________, and __________. | integration and motor |
| what is the advantage of having multiple motor unites in a skeletal muscle? | it allows the brain to regulate the amount of force used for any movement by changed the number of motor units engaged |
| in the direct phosphorylation method of energy production, what substance is broken down to replenish the ATP? | creatine-phosphate |
| how many true ribs are in the ribcage? | 7 |
| what happens to antigens when antibodies attach to them? | they are rendered ineffective |
| muscles that abduct the hip include the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and: | tensor fascia latae |
| the anatomic name for the "thigh bone" is: | femur |
| what is the function of keratin in the skin? | toughens the epidermis and makes it water-resistant |
| which nerve is often compressed and irritated in association with frequent tension headaches? | accessory |
| what kind of contraction occurs in the hamstrings when we bend our knee to climb stairs? | concentric |
| the concentric rings, or ____________, of an osteon are arranged around a central or ______________ canal that allows nerves, blood, and lymph vessels into the tissue. | lamellae; haversian |
| what is the endocrine system's primary method of communication and control? | special chemicals called hormones secreted into the blood |
| what type of cells make up the islands or nodules inside the lymph node sinuses? | macrophages and other specialized immune cells |
| why is it important for manual therapists to thoroughly understand the structures and functions of the muscular system? | muscle pain and tension may be the most common reasons people seek manual therapy treatments |
| which category of muscle architecture is described as a muscle with a broad belly and parallel fascicles with same length fibers that taper to form cord-like tendons at the ends? | fusiform |
| what is the common function for all quadriceps? | knee extension |
| what is the name of the membrane that lines the thoracic cavity? | parietal pleura |
| what is it called when a muscle is unable to contract forcefully after prolonged activity, even though stimulation continues? | muscle fatigue |
| which of the four layers of fascia is the deepest? | visceral |
| what are the two parts of ventilation? | inhalation and expiration |
| a sudden, spasmodic muscle contraction that is often subconsciously stimulated is called a: | twitch contraction |
| after a bout of extended exercise, the breathing rate remains elevated for the amount of time it takes to metabolize lactic acid, which is called: | repaying the oxygen debt |
| the process of making new protein is controlled and directed by which structure in a cell? | effector proteins in the plasma membrane |
| what change occurs in the muscle during a concentric contraction? | the muscle shortens |
| what is the pathophysiology behind trigger point development? | calcium leak that causes actin and myosin bonding |
| in the male reproductive system, where are the Leydig cells that produce testosterone located? | seminiferous tubules |
| what is a functional purpose of the nose and sinuses? | warm and moisten air before it enters the lungs |
| which of the adductor muscles is also a knee flexor? | gracilis |
| what movement role is an extensor muscle playing during a flexion motion? | antagonist |
| which of these bony landmarks is a sharp needle-like projection? | styloid process |
| what structures in the male reproductive system are also called the gonads? | testes |
| the physiologic processes that occur as the oxygen debt is paid back include: | metabolizing lactic acid and replenishing energy supplies |
| what is the final step in the blood clot formation? | coagulation |
| which type of neuron connects sensory and motor pathways? | integrative |
| when atoms bind together, they form microscopic particles called what? | molecules |
| the neuromuscular reflex that inhibits the antagonist of a contracting muscle is called: | reciprocal inhibition |
| which of these back muscles elevates, retracts, and upwardly rotates the scapula? | trapezius |
| which of the following is a key characteristic of a tender point? | the localized spasm is due to a neurologic signal |
| what bone forms the floor of the skull? | sphenoid |
| the positive feedback mechanism is used to regulate levels for which of these hormones? | oxytocin |
| what method of energy production creates lactic acid and the largest oxygen debt? | anaerobic cellular metabolism |
| which of these physiologic changes is considered a structural effect of manual therapy? | reduced adhesions |
| what muscle group around the hip joint would act as antagonists to hip abduction? | adductors |
| even though movements are rarely created by one single muscle, the one that is largest and has the best angle of pull across the joint is generally considered the: | agonist |
| approximately how much fluid does the lymphatic system return to the cardiovascular system each day? | 3 liters |
| after applying direct compression to the cramp, how can you apply your knowledge of muscle physiology to relieve a calf cramp? | engage the dorsiflexors in an isometric contraction |
| what is the anatomic name for a skeletal muscle cell? | myofiber |
| which of the following are important processes of the general immune defense of inflammation? | chemotaxis of phagocytes and NK cells |
| which layer of the epidermis is the most superficial? | horny |
| which formed element in blood plays a key role in blood clotting? | thrombocytes |
| why is the strength of a contraction decreased when the muscle is already in a shortened position? | most of the binding sites between actin and myosin have already been used |
| the prefix inter- means what? | among; between |
| the epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium of skeletal muscle collectively form which of the four fascial tubes in the body? | axial |
| which physiologic feedback mechanism for maintaining homeostasis is most common? | negative |
| the cells, tissues, and organs of which two body systems carry out most of the immune responses in the body? | circulatory and lymphatic |
| what does the name "flexor carpi radialis" tell you about the muscle? | its function and general location |
| which of these structures is part of the lower respiratory tract? | lungs |
| which of these muscles serves as a major stabilizer and has no movement function? | subclavius |
| what is the function of the leukocytes? | immune response |
| a skeletal muscle fiber, or muscle cell, is made up of smaller fibers called: | myofibrils |
| what muscle is nicknamed "Lat's little helper" because it assists with all of the same functions? | teres major |
| which statement best describes the therapeutic implication of knowing the myofascial connections between different structures? | pain in an area of the myofascial train may not resolve without treating the entire train |
| what type of nonproductive contraction occurs when the muscle is bombarded with a constant stream of stimuli that causes the muscle to "lock"? | tetanic |
| the physiologic principle that explains how a muscle contracts is: | sliding filament mechanism |
| the target-specific method by which most hormones alter the metabolic activities of their target cells is called what? | second messenger |
| which method of energy production for muscle contraction uses ATP stored in the skeletal muscle and produces only enough energy for a short-term effort? | direct phosphorylation |
| the term for primary reproductive organs in both the male and female systems is: | gonads |
| what body membrane is classified as a connective tissue membrane? | synovial |
| what are some of the key things a therapist can assess through the skin? | tissue temperature, tension, texture, and mobility |
| the formation of lymph is best described as: | fluid or edema uptake |
| which of the 4 types of membranes lines the ventral cavities? | serous |
| what type of contraction is occurring when muscles are carrying out their prime function? | concentric |
| which muscle attachment is generally on the bone that moves during any motion? | insertion |
| what type of muscle contraction occurs in the biceps brachii as we lower a barbell to the table? | eccentric |
| what is the function of the enteric nervous system? | regulation of digestive secretions and motility |
| what urinary organ is responsible for carrying urine from the kidneys to the bladder? | ureter |
| in both dense and spongy bone tissue, the osteocytes are located in small spaces called: | lacunae |
| what term describes the specific and quantifiable changes created by manual therapy in the tissues, organs, or systems of the body? | physiologic effects |
| what is the anatomic name of the lateral projection off the spine of the scapula? | acromion process |
| where does the chemical digestion of protein begin? | stomach |
| the consistent state of low-grade tension in a muscle generated by a tonic contraction is called: | motor tone |
| arterial flow and pulse have a major influence on lymph flow through which portion of the lymph system? | collecting trunks |
| the functions of the integumentary system are protection, absorption, and excretion, synthesis of vitamin D, __________, and _________. | temperature regulation and sensation |
| which microscopic fiber in muscle is formed by the end-to-end arrangement of sarcomeres? | myofibril |
| where is the wrist located in relationship to the elbow? | distal |
| what type of bone tissue makes up the shaft of a long bone? | cortical |
| what anatomic term is used to describe the position of two structures on the same side of the sagittal plane? | ipsilateral |
| what portion of a muscle cell is the actual contractile unit? | sarcomere |
| what is the largest sesamoid bone in the body? | patella |
| which term describes the process of moving air into and out of the lungs? | ventilation |
| what is the name for the connective tissue layer of epithelial membranes? | basement membrane |
| fascia is classified as what type of connective tissue? | disorganized fibrous |
| all of the following glands function as endocrine glands except the: | kidneys |
| which of the following is the best description of lymph flow? | movement of fluid inside the lymph vessel network and returning lymph to the blood |
| similar to plasma, lymph fluid is mostly made up of what two substances? | water and electrolytes |
| which of these muscles is part of the hamstring group? | biceps femoris |
| what is the common function of the brachioradialis, brachialis, and biceps brachii muscles? | elbow flexion |
| what class of lever are most joints of the body? | third |
| what is the function of articular cartilage? | cushion bone ends and stabilize the joint |
| which horizontal fascial planes should be prioritized in a treatment plan to help relieve chronic neck pain associated with a forward head posture, rounded shoulders, and collapsed thorax? | thoracic inlet and diaphragm |
| what is the name of the highly sensitive area on the muscle fiber at the neuromuscular junction between the muscle and motor neuron? | motor end plate |
| what fascial layer forms the outer envelope of the muscle and anchors it to the hypodermis? | epimysium |
| which of these cranial nerves is a sensory-only nerve? | olfactory |
| which of these connective tissue components of skeletal muscle is classified as organized fibrous? | tendon |
| which muscle physiology reflex increases or decreases the number of motor units engaged according to the effort required for a movement? | graded response |
| which of these terms is a synonym for agonist? | prime mover |
| which passive transport mechanism relies on a concentration gradient to move substances across the cell membrane? | diffusion |
| what change occurs in a muscle during an eccentric contraction? | tension increases and the muscle lengthens |
| which of these benefits and effects of manual therapy is most likely to positively influence functions of the urinary system? | decreased stress and anxiety |
| the term used to describe the balance of tension and compression forces in the musculoskeletal system is: | tensegrity |
| in anatomic position, the feet and palms are pointing in which direction? | forward |
| what is the function of retinaculi in the muscular system? | tension straps that hold tendons in place |
| which method of energy production generates the highest amount of ATP? | aerobic cellular metabolism |
| what is the name of the large central portion of a muscle? | belly |
| functions of the skeletal system can be summarized as providing framework, protection, levers for movement: | blood cell production and calcium storage |
| what is a pre-lymphatic channel? | a non-structural "preferred pathway" for fluid flow around cells in the interstitium |
| what is the function of the epiphyseal plate in bones? | it is the region of bone growth |
| which of these processes is NOT a function of the integumentary system? | monitor and adjust blood pH levels |
| what is the anatomic name for a broad sheet of connective tissue that serves as the attachment point for several muscles in the torso or thigh? | aponeurosis |
| which of these muscles is a type of parallel muscle? | rectus femoris |
| what is gamma gain? | the physiologic mechanism that makes the muscle spindle hypersensitive to sudden lengthening |
| once stimulus is removed, which of these is the last step in the sliding filament mechanism? | ATP is used to pump calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| the key structural features that allow initial vessels to take in interstitial fluid include their measurement at one epithelial cell thick, their slight overlapping arrangement like fish scales, and: | an anchor filament extending into the interstitium that opens the flap to allow fluid to enter |
| the myofilament bonding of a muscle contraction can only occur in the presence of what element? | calcium |
| what are the three defining characteristics of a trigger point? | always in a taut band, palpable nodule, compression creates a radiating pattern of pain |
| once processing is complete, urine from several nephrons flows directly into what structure? | pyramids |
| what digestive process is described as the mixing and forward movement of substances through the GI tract? | motility |
| manual therapy methods that use some type of repositioning designed to reverse gamma gain include positional release, strain counterstrain, and: | functional technique |
| what term best describes the location of the bones in relationship to the muscles? | deep |
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