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Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) Carboxykinase
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Palmitate
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Cell Metabolism MCAT
Enzymes and important steps
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) Carboxykinase | -Catalyzes second step of Gluconeogenesis -Oxaloacetate (4c) to PEP (3C) by using a GTP and removing a CO2 |
| Palmitate | - End Product of fatty acid synthesis -Moved to Smooth ER for manipulation |
| Hormone Blood Sugar Regulation | -Insulin secreted when high Increases Fruc2,6-BP to upregulate PFK and Glycolysis -Glucagon Secreted when low Decreases Fruc2,6-BP to downregulate PFK and Glycolysis |
| Glycogen Metabolism Enzymes | -Phosphoglucomutase Switches phosphate groups between 1/6 carbon -Glycogen synthase Cleaves phosphate group on C1 to add to glycogen chain -Glycogen phosphatase Breaks down glycogen by phosphorylating glucose on C1 |
| Fatty Acid Oxidation Products per round | Saturated Fat -1 FADH2, 1 NADH, 1 Acetyl CoA Unsaturated Fat -1 NADH, 1 Acetyl CoA Occurs in Mitochondrial Matrix 2 equivalents of ATP are required to prime each Fatty Acid not each round |
| Hexokinase | -Catalyzes first step of glycolysis Glucose to Glucose 6P by adding a phosphate group on C6 using 1 ATP Regulated via Glucose 6P negative feedback inhibition |
| PFK (Phosphofructokinase) | -Catalyzes third step of glycolysis - highly regulated Fructose 6-P to Fructose 1,6-BP by adding a phosphate group on C1 using 1 ATP - Upregulated by AMP and Fruc2,6-BP -Downregulated by ATP and Citrate |
| Pyruvate Kinase | -Catalyzes last step in glycolysis PEP to Pyruvate by removing a phosphate group and gaining 1 ATP Occurs twice per glucose |
| PDC | Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex -Pyruvate and CoA forms Acetyl CoA and CO2 and makes 1 NADH -Occurs twice per glucose |
| GAP to PEP | Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate to Phosphoenolpyruvate -Makes 1 NADH and 1 ATP Reverse reaction in Gluconeogenesis -Uses 1 NADH and 1 ATP Occurs twice per Glucose |
| Reciprocal Regulation | One molecule regulates 2 opposing enzymes in opposite ways Examples - PFK/Fruc1,6-BPase Citrate : -/+ AMP : +/- ATP : -/+ Fruc2,6-BP : +/- |
| Glycogen Metabolism Steps | Glycogenesis when Blood Sugar is high signaled by Insulin Glycogenolysis when Blood Sugar is low signaled by Glucagon Epinephrine also with sympathetic activation |
| Fatty Acid Synthesis Activation | 1. Acetyl Carrier Protein (ACP) Binds Acetyl CoA and transfers it to Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) 2. ACP then Binds Malonyl CoA Occurs in Cytosol |
| Pyruvate Carboxylase | Catalyzes first step of Gluconeogenesis Pyruvate to Oxaloacetate by adding a CO2 and using an ATP Occurs twice per Glucose |
| Glucose 6-Phosphatase | Catalyzes last step of Gluconeogenesis Glucose 6-P to Glucose by removing a phosphate group from C6 |
| Ketone Bodies | Created by reacting 2 Acetyl CoA molecules together to create blood soluble nutrients for the brain Acetone Acetoacetate B-Hydroxybutyrate |
| Glycolysis Input/Output | Input: 2 ATP, 1 Glucose, 2 NAD+ Output: 4 ATP, 2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH |
| Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphatase | Catalyzes third to last step in gluconeogenesis Fructose 1,6-BP to Fructose 6-P by removing a phosphate group |
| Fatty Acid Oxidation Enzymes | Isomerase -Moves up double bond in unsaturated fats (Skips FADH2 production) Thiolase -Cleaves off Acetyl CoA from larger molecule at the end. |
| Fatty Acid Synthesis Elongation | 1. Acetyl CoA on FAS combines with Malonyl CoA on ACP eliminating a CO2 2. Two rounds of reduction occur with NADPH 3. ACP transfers molecule back to FAS and binds additional Malonyl CoA Occurs in Cytosol |
| Krebs Cycle Input/Output | Input: 1 Acetyl CoA, 1 GDP, 3 NAD+, 1 FAD+ Output: 1 CoA, 2 CO2, 1 GTP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 |
| Glucose 6-Phosphate dehydrogenase | Catalyzes Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) Oxidative phase Oxidizes Glucose 6P to Ribulose 5P and creates 2 NADPH and 1 CO2 |
| Electron Transport Chain Enzymes | 1. NADH Oxidase -4H+ (NADH enters here) 2. Coenzyme Q (FADH2 and Cytosol NADH enter here) 3. Cytochrome C Reductase -4H+ 4. Cytochrome C 5. Cytochrome C Oxidase -2H+ |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | ATP synthase makes 1 ATP for every 4 H+ ions that travel across inner mitochondrial membrane by facilitated diffusion |
| ATP Produced per Glucose | PDC - 2 NADH = 5 ATP Krebs (2 turns) - (1 turn = 10 ATP) 2 GTP = 2 ATP 6 NADH = 15 ATP 2 FADH2 = 3 ATP Glycolysis 2 ATP (net) = 2 ATP 2 NADH = 3 ATP in Euk/5 in Prok 30 ATP in Euk/32 in Prok |
| Fermentation | Sole purpose to regenerate electron carriers Pyruvate reduced by NADH to ETOH (Yeast) or Lactic Acid (Humans) No new energy generation Toxic end Products No Oxygen Use |
Created by:
mnmoon
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