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Concept Dis. Ch.25
Endocrine Glands
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| condition resulting from excessive secretion of growth hormone in the adult | acromegaly |
| disease caused by chronic adrenal cortical hypofunction, leading to atrophy/destruction of both adrenal glands | Addison disease |
| hormone secretes by anterior pituitary lobe, stimulating adrenal cortex manufacturing & secreting of adrenal cortical hormones | adrenocorticotrophic hormone |
| clinical disorder of adrenal function characterized by overproduction of adrenal sex hormones | adrenogenital syndrome |
| steroid hormone produced by adrenal cortex that regulates rate of sodium absorption from renal tubules | aldosterone |
| absence of menses | amenorrhea |
| posterior lobe pituitary hormone regulating urine concentration by altering permeability of renal collecting tubules | antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
| cell containing numerous variable-sized granules that stain intensely purple w/basic dyes | basophil |
| hormone that lowers calcium; produced by interfollicular cells of thyroid gland | calcitonin |
| adrenal medullary hormones epinephrine & norepinephrine | catecholamines |
| anterior lobe pituitary epithelial cells containing sparse poorly stained granules | chromophobe cells |
| autoimmune disease in which autoantibody directed against thyroid epithelial cells causes progressive destruction of thyroid gland, leading to hypothyroidism | chronic thyroiditis |
| chronic thyroiditis is also known as | Hashimoto |
| eosinophilic material present within thyroid follicles | colloid |
| major glucocorticoid | cortisol |
| hypothyroidism in an infant | cretinism |
| condition resulting from failure of posterior lobe to secrete ADH | diabetes insipidus |
| chemical mediator released by hypothalamic neurons | dopamine |
| drug that combines w/cell dopamine receptors & causes same cell response the would be produced by dopamine | dopamine agonist |
| an example of a dopamine agonist would be | bromocriptine |
| bromocriptine is a dopamine agonist that inhibits | prolactin secretion |
| cell whose cytoplasm is filled w/large, uniform granules that stain intensely red w/acid dyes | eosinophil |
| one of the catecholamines secretes by adrenal medulla | epinephrine |
| named for protrusion of eyes seen in many patient's with this disease. another name for Graves disease | exophthalmic goiter |
| autoimmune thyroid disease in which autoantibodies resembling thyroid-stimulating hormone stimulate excessive output of thyroid hormone, causing hyperthyroidism | Graves disease |
| 1 of gonoadotropic hormones secreted by anterior lobe of pituitary, which regulates growth & function of gonads | follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
| secretion of milk by breast not associated w/pregnancy/normal lactation | galactorrhea |
| adrenal cortical hormone that regulates carbohydrate metabolism | glucocorticoid |
| enlargement of thyroid gland | goiter |
| anterior lobe pituitary hormone that stimulates growth of bone & other body tissues | growth hormone |
| portion of brain stem that forms floor of 3rd ventricle; contains clusters of nerve cells that regulate various body functions | hypothalamus |
| 1 of gonadotropic hormones secretes by anterior lobe of pituitary; regulates growth & function of gonads | luteinizing hormone (LH) |
| hormone produced by pituitary; causes darkening of skin | melanin-stimulating hormone (MSH) |
| adrenal cortical hormone that regulates salt & water metabolism | mineralocorticoid |
| hypothyroidism in adult | myxedema |
| 1 of the catecholamines secretes by adrenal medulla | norepinephrine |
| hormone stored in posterior lobe of pituitary that causes uterine contraction during labor & ejection of milk from breast lobules into larger ducts | oxytocin |
| failure of secretion of all anterior lobe pituitary hormones | panhypopituitarism |
| catecholamine-secreting tumor of adrenal medulla | pheochromocytoma |
| hormone produced by anterior lobe of pituitary that stimulates milk secretion | prolactin |
| hypothalamic hormone that suppresses release of prolactin from anterior lobe of pituitary | prolactin inhibitory factor (PIF) |
| spasm of skeletal muscles caused by subnormal level of ionized calcium in blood | tetany |
| protein within colloid of thyroid follicles to which thyroid hormone is attached | thyroglobulin |
| hormone secreted by anterior lobe of pituitary; regulated thyroid function | thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
| secrete hormones directly into the blood | endocrine glands |
| characterized by an increased production of hormones, or hypersecretion | dysfunctional endocrine gland |
| this gland secretes nine hormones | the pituitary gland |
| prolactin is a pituitary hormone that is regulated through | an inhibitory factor |
| thyroid gland, adrenal glands, & gonads are all affected by | panhypopituitarism |
| leads to a deceleration of all bodily functions | hyperthyroidism |
| rapid, pulse, weight loss, tremors & irritability are all symptoms of | a toxic goiter |
| Exposure of the head and neck to high levels of radiation can result in | well-differentiated tumors |
| iodine deficiency, enzyme deficiencies, & increased hormone requirements are major factors leading to development of a | toxic goiter |
| Myxedema is accompanied by a decreased level of | TSH |
| blood glucose levels, sodium, potassium, & increased pigmentation are all | affected by Addison's disease |
| can cause precocious puberty and masculine development in females | Adrenogenital Syndrome |
| decreased calcium in the bones, usually secondary to an adenoma, hypercalcemia, & fragile bones all accompany | hyperparathyroidism |
| pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal cortex & medulla, pancreatic islets, & ovaries/testes are the | major endocrine glands |
| controls amount of hormone synthesized and released by an endocrine gland | level of hormone in circulation |
| endocrine gland disorders consist of | hypersecretion or hyposecretion |
| degree of dysfunction & the age/sex of affected individual are the factors considered when determining | clinical effects of disturbance of endocrine gland function |
| due to the thyroid gland affecting growth & development as well as metabolic processes disturbed function will produce different clinical pictures in | an adult & a child |
| masculinization of the female/feminization of the male | virilism |
| contains an anterior lobe, intermediate lobe (rudimentary structure), & posterior lobe; suspended by stalk from hypothalamus at base of brain | pituitary |
| hormones secrete by the pituitary gland & influences the activity of other endocrine glands | tropic hormones |
| composed of cords of epithelial cells containing hormones that are synthesized & stored within | anterior lobe of pituitary |
| supplies blood to anterior lobe of pituitary through veins connecting capillaries of median eminence of hypothalamus w/those of anterior lobe | pituitary portal system |
| release of hormones stored in pituitary's anterior lobe is regulated by hormonal substances called | releasing hormones (or releasing factors) |
| releasing hormones are synthesized in | the hypothalamus |
| releasing hormones are carried to cells of pituitary's anterior lobe in the blood flow through | the portal system |
| hormone response of target gland reflects net effect of interaction between releasing/inhibiting hormones | hypothalamic hormones that inhibit |
| consists of meshwork of nerve fibers intermixed w/modified neuroglial cells; connected through bundles of nerve fibers through pituitary stalk | pituitary posterior lobe |
| hormones in the posterior lobe are synthesized within the hypothalamus, then transmitted down ___ ___ in pituitary stalk to posterior lobe for storage | nerve axons |
| stored posterior lobe hormones are released in response to ___ ___ transmitted from hypothalamus down pituitary stalk | nerve impulses |
| controls release of hormones from both anterior/posterior pituitary lobes | the hypothalamus |
| to some extent influences by emotional stimuli (i.e. anxiety, rage, & fear) | pituitary secretions |
| pituitary secretions are also influenced by ___ ___ that enter nervous system & are in turn relayed to the hypothalamus | sensory impulses |
| tropic hormones are regulated by the level of hormone produced by | the target gland |
| tropic hormones have a ___ ___ that maintains uniform hormone output | self-regulating mechanism |
| secretion of the tropic hormone prolactin is controlled by the | prolactin inhibitory factor |
| TSH stimulates the release of ___ & thyroid hormones | prolactin |
| somatropin is another name for | growth hormone |
| growth hormone stimulates the liver to produce somatomedin, exerting its __ effects on tissues indirectly | growth-promoting |
| any of several endogenous peptides produced especially in the liver that are dependent on and probably mediate growth hormone activity | somatomedin |
| growth hormone, prolactin, TSH, ACTH, FSH, & LH are all | anterior lobe hormones |
| ADH & oxytocin are all | posterior lobe hormones |
| ADH causes more | concentrated urine |
| deficiency of growth hormone & stunts growth and development | pituitary dwarfism |
| failure of kidney to respond to ADH | nephrogenic diabetes insipidus |
| unable to absorb H2O, excretion of large volume of very dilute urine, & caused by injury,tumor, or other disease of posterior lobe | characteristics of diabetes insipidus |
| if the posterior lobe is the cause of diabetes insipidus, treatment consists of | supplying ADH |
| if the kidneys are the cause of diabetes insipidus, treatment consists of | drugs to make kidneys more responsive to ADH |
| hormone-secreting tumor in an endocrine gland | functional tumors |
| generally each type of functional tumor produces a | characteristic clinical syndrome |
| tumor that is in an endocrine gland but does not secrete hormones | nonfunctional tumors |
| although no hormones are produced a nonfunctional pituitary tumor may cause problems because its is located close to the | optic chiasm, optic nerves, & other vital structures at base of brain |
| may erode pituitary fossa, encroach on optic chiasm, & disrupt hormone-producing functions of adjacent normal anterior lobe cells by compression from enlargement of tumor are all | effects of enlarging nonfunctional pituitary tumor |
| resection of pituitary tumor via endoscopy through the nasal cavity & sphenoid sinus | transsphenoidal resection |
| determined by type, hormones produced, & size | treatment of pituitary tumor |
| the usual treatment of a pituitary tumor is | surgical removal |
| after removing a pituitary tumor surgically some patients may also required | radiation treatment |
| overproduction of growth hormone; causes giantism in children, acromegaly in adults, & may cause visual disturbances | pituitary adenoma |
| spontaneous secretion of milk from breasts & cessation of menstrual periods, in a non-pregnant woman, due to excess secretion of prolactin | amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome |
| an important cause of amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome | prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma |
| very small tumor | microadenoma |
| causes few symptoms other that those related to excessive prolactin production | prolactin-secreting pituitary microadenoma |
| larger prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas can cause ___ of pituitary fossa & visual disturbances | enlargement |
| prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas can be | surgically excised |
| prolactin-secreting pituitary microadenomas can often be inhibited by | a dopamine agonist drug |
| presence of an abnormally high concentration of prolactin in the blood | hyperprolactinaemia |
| estrogen, antihypertensive drugs, & phenothiazine drugs & antidepressants can raise prolactin levels resulting in | amenorrhea or galactorrhea |
| 2 lateral lobes connected by isthmus; located in neck overlying upper trachea & regulated by pituitary TSH | thyroid gland |
| located on posterior surface of thyroid are four | parathyroid glands |
| thyroid gland is composed of __ __ that produce and store hormones | thyroid follicles |
| hormone production of the thyroid gland is regulated by | thyroid stimulating hormone, or (TSH) |
| triiodothyronine (T3) & thyroxin (T4) is synthesized by the | follicular cells of thyroid |
| regulate body's metabolic processes & are required for normal development of nervous system | T3 & T4 |
| general term referring to the 2 metabolic hormones T3&T4 | thyroid hormone |
| the numbers attached to T3 & T4 indicate the number of ___ atoms attached to the molecule | iodine |
| majority of thyroid hormone is attached to thyroid-binding globulin and is biologically | inactive |
| the small amount of thyroid hormone that circulates unattached, is the ___ ___ form | physiologically active |
| rapid pulse, increased metabolism, hyperactive reflexes, emotional lability, GI effect: diarrhea, & warm/moist skin are all symptoms/signs of | hyperthyroidism |
| slow pulse, decreased metabolism, sluggish reflexes, placid/phlegmatic, GI effect: constipation, cold/dry skin | hypothyroidism |
| uniformly enlarged thyroid gland | diffuse goiter |
| multiple nodules of proliferating thyroid tissue | nodular goiter |
| enlarged thyroid that produces excessive amount of hormone & causes symptoms of hyperthyroidism | toxic goiter |
| enlarged thyroid that does not produce excessive amount of hormone | nontoxic goiter |
| inadequate secretion of thyroid hormone is the basic cause for | nodular & diffuse goiter |
| when there is an iodine deficiency, enlargement of the thyroid is in response to TSH stimulation in an attempt to __ __ from the blood to make enough hormone | extract iodine |
| in Graves disease an antithyroid antibody stimulates thyroid, mimics TSH function, and is not subject TSH | control mechanisms |
| drugs that block synthesis of hormone by the hyperactive gland | antithyroid drugs |
| surgical excision to remove hyperactive thyroid will reduce | source of the hormone |
| irradiation destroys part of the gland & reduces its hormone output | radioactive iodine |
| myxedema received its name due to localized accumulations of __ material in the skin | mucinous |
| individuals have low levels of circulating thyroid hormone & high levels of TSH trying to ___ the thyroid gland to increase hormone output | stimulate |
| treated by supplying the deficient hormone, which results in clinical improvement | hypothyroidism |
| hypothyroidism in a newborn infant is called | congenital hypothyroidism |
| congenital hypothyroidism can be caused by failure of gland to develop or from genetically determined __ __ __ necessary for thyroid hormone synthesis | deficiency of enzymes |
| if congenital hypothyroidism is not detected the infant will remain | permanently stunted in growth & mentally retarded |
| congenital hypothyroidism is called | cretinism |
| antithyroid antibodies & activates T lymphocytes are directed against thyroid antigens, attacking & destroying the thyroid | Hashimoto thyroiditis |
| Hashimoto thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in adults, & occurs predominantly in | middle-aged women |
| one of the autoantibodies in Hashimoto thyroiditis is directed against TSH receptors on thyroid cells, which | prevents TSH from attaching to thyroid cells to stimulate it |
| autoantibodies destroy TSH receptors in | Hashimoto thyroiditis |
| autoantibody stimulates TSH receptors in | Graves disease |
| thyroid usually enlarged by diffuse infiltration of activated T lymphocytes & plasma cells destroying the thyroid gland | chronic thyroiditis |
| Hashimoto thyroiditis does not have a | specific treatment available |
| physicians are guided by the level of thyroid hormone in blood & level of TSH when determining | how much thyroid hormone to prescribe |
| well-circumscribed tumors composed of mature follicles that often contain large amounts of colloid | thyroid adenomas |
| well-differentiated, undifferentiated, & medullary are the three type of | thyroid carcinoma |
| usually occurs in your adults & very low-grade malignancy | well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma |
| most common, tumor composed of well-differentiated papillary processes covered by well-differentiated thyroid epithelial cells | papillary carcinoma |
| less common, tumor cells form colloid-filled follicles which resemble normal thyroid tissue | follicular carcinoma |
| surgical resection of thyroid gland | thyroidectomy |
| develops in older persons, composed of rapidly growing bizarre tumor cells, & has poor prognosis | undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma |
| uncommon, derived from calcitonin-secreting parafollicular cells of thyroid, & characteristic histologic pattern | medullary thyroid carcinoma |
| measurement of calcitonin levels in blood has been used as a __ __ for medullary thyroid carcinoma because tumor cells often secrete calcitonin | diagnostic test |
| lowers blood calcium | calcitonin |
| increases incidence of benign and malignant thyroid tumors after latent period of 5-10 years | radiation |
| most thyroid tumors are well-differentiated and easily | treated |
| blood calcium level is in ___ with calcium in the bone | equilibrium |
| 1/2 blood calcium is present as __ __ and is the active form | calcium ions (Ca2+) |
| 1/2 blood calcium is bound to __ and is biologically inactive | proteins |
| required for normal cardiac/skeletal muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, & coagulation of blood | adequate concentration of ionized calcium |
| caused increased excitability of nerve & muscle cells, leading to tetany | subnormal level of ionized calcium |
| diminishes neuromuscular excitability & leads to generalized muscular weakness | high level of ionized calcium |
| regulates level of ionized calcium in blood by regulating release of calcium from bone, absorption from intestines, & rate of excretion by kidneys | parathyroid glands |
| regulated by level of ionized calcium in blood rather than by tropic hormone from pituitary | secretion of parathyroid hormones |
| if ionized calcium levels rise, parathyroid hormone secretion | declines |
| if ionized calcium levels decrease, parathyroid hormone secretion | increases |
| any abnormality in parathyroid hormone secretion will eventually alter amount of | calcium deposited in bones |
| hyperparathyroidism can lead to __ __ from excessive calcium excreted in urine | renal calculi |
| hyperparathyroidism can occasionally lead to calcium precipitating out of the blood & become deposited in | kidneys, lungs, & other tissues |
| treatment for hyperparathyroidism | removal of tumor through surgical excision |
| accidental removal of parathyroid glands during thyroid surgery can lead to | hypoparathyroidism |
| blood calcium falls abruptly causing neuromuscular excitability and tetany | effects of hypoparathyroidism |
| high-calcium diet & supplementary vitamin D are treatments to | raise calcium levels in hypoparathyroidism |
| glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, & sex hormones are the three classes of | steroid hormones secreted by adrenal cortex |
| secreted in response to stimulation by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) & feedback mechanism controlled by same negative feedback mech. as thyroid | glucocorticoids |
| major glucocorticoid | cortisol |
| regulate electrolyte/water balance; promote absorption sodium/water & excretion of potassium by renal tubules | mineralocorticoids |
| major mineralocorticoid & regulated by more than one mechanism | aldosterone |
| most potent stimulus for aldosterone secretion | renin-angiotensin system |
| adrenal cortex produces weak ___ steroid hormones in response to ACTH stimulation, further metabolized according to individual's sex | androgenic (testosterone-like) |
| in most cases Addison's disease results from an ___ ___ in which destructive autoantibodies directed against adrenal cortical cells & cytotoxic lymphocytes destroy cortex | autoimmune disorder |
| less common, destruction caused by tuberculosis, histoplasmosis, or metastatic carcinoma involving both | adrenal glands |
| caused by secretion of ACTH along with MSH, which produced from same precursor molecule giving rise to ATCH | increased pigmentation with Addison's disease |
| can lead to high sodium/blood volume/blood pressure, low potassium level leading to neuromuscular manifestations | over production of aldosterone |
| congenital adrenal hyperplasia & sex-hormone-producing tumors are an effect of | overproduction of adrenal sex hormones |
| produced by chromaffin cells & stored within; released in response to nerve impulses transmitted to medulla by sympathetic nervous system | catecholamines |
| benign tumor of adrenal medulla, arises from chromaffin cells; secretes large amounts of catecholamines & severely effects heart/vascular system | pheochromocytoma |
| due to severe hypertension pheochromocytoma can lead to | cerebral hemorrhage |
| mineralocorticoid deficiency from Addison's disease leads to | low blood volume & pressure |
| treatment for Addison's disease is | administration of corticosteroids |
| disturbed carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism | glucocorticoid excess |
| high blood volume and high blood pressure | mineralocorticoid excess |
| glucocorticoid & mineralocorticoid excess are effects of | Cushing disease |
| hormone-producing pituitary microadenoma/adrenal cortex adenoma, hyperplastic adrenal glands, administration large amount of corticosteroids, other tumors are all causes of | cushing disease |
| overproduction of aldosterone is usually due to | aldosterone-secreting adenoma |
| pancreatic tissue that functions as an endocrine gland | pancreatic islets |
| cells responsible for insulin production | Beta cells |
| cell responsible for glucagon | Alpha cells |
| cells responsible for somatostatin | delta cells |
| hormones secreted by non-endocrine tumors that are identical with or mimic action of true hormones | ectopic hormones |
| ectopic hormones originate from | malignant tumors |
| any event that disturbs homeostasis | stress |
| injury, surgery, prolonged exposure to cold, vigorous exercise, pain, or strong emotional stimulus such as anxiety or fear cause | stress to endocrine system |
| fear-fight-flight reaction which is mediated by sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla | acute response to stress |
| alters metabolism, taxes CV system, impairs inflammatory and immune responses | chronic response to stress |
| chronic response to stress involves | adrenal cortex |
| chronic response to stress predisposes to | illness |
| occurs when caloric intake > requirements | obesity |
| obesity is usually NOT result of | endocrine or metabolic disturbance |
| cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, musculoskeletal problems & impaired pulmonary function are all | health consequences of obesity |
Created by:
lfrancois
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