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Heart pt.1
A&P II Chapter 20
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cardiovascular System Components | 1. A pump (heart) 2. Conducting system (blood vessels) 3. A fluid medium (blood) |
| Heart (pump) | composed of cardiac muscle O2 rich to the body; returns O2 poor blood to lungs size of a fist |
| Cardiology | study of the hear & related disorders |
| Mediastinum | space between lungs and behind sternum |
| Base | Broadest part, site of attachment on upper right |
| Apex | pointed end of a heart |
| Key Structures of the Heart | Pericardium Heart Wall Chambers Valves |
| Pericardium | double walled sac, made of 2 layers |
| Heart Wall | 3 layers |
| Chambers | 4 hollow chambers |
| Valves | 4 Valves |
| Pericardium has how many layers and cavities | 2 layers, 1 cavity |
| Fibrous Pericardium | outermost layer of loose but strong, dense CT -protects heart, anchors to cavity, protects it from overfilling |
| Serous Pericardium | intermost layer of pericardium |
| Parietal Pericardium | lines inside of fibrous pericardium facing the heart |
| Visceral Pericardium | covers the surface of the heart itself (same as epicardium) |
| Pericardial Cavity | contains serous fluid to reduce friction as heart beats |
| Pericarditis | caused by pathogens in pericardium inflammation- pericardial surfaces rub together- produce distinct scratching sound may cause cardiac tamponade |
| Cardiac Tamponade | restricted movement of the heart due to excess fluid in pericardial cavity |
| 3 layers of Myocardium | 1.Epicardium 2. Myocardium 3. Endocardium |
| Epicardium | outer layer of CT on surface of heart blends into visceral layer of the serous pericardium |
| Myocardium | Multiple layers of cardiac muscle, blood vessels and nerves thickest layer performs the work of the heart |
| Endocardium | inside the four chambers covers valves, goes into vessels thin layer of squamous epithelium = smooth |
| Four Chambers | 1. Right Atrium 2. Right Ventricle 3. Left Atrium 4. Left Ventricle |
| Right Atrium | collects blood from systemic circulation |
| Right Ventricle | pumps blood to pulmonary circuit |
| Left Atrium | collects blood from pulmonary circuit |
| Left Ventricle | pumps blood to systemic circuit |
| Great Vessels of the heart | Superior Vena Cava Inferior Vena Cava Pulmonary Trunk 4 Pulmonary veins Aorta Coronary Sinus |
| Pulmonary Trunk | divides into R & L Pulmonary arteries |
| Foramen Ovale | opening in interatrial septum in fetal stage allows oxygenated blood from mother to bypass lungs at birth, seals to form fossa ovalis |
| Trabeculae Carnae (little beams) | muscular ridges on the internal surface of the heart |
| Moderator Band | electrical highway of the muscle connecting interventricular septum to a papillary muscle so they will contract and shut the tricuspid valve only in R Ventricle |
| Cardiac Skeleton | semi-rigid, fibrous CT encircling each valve |
| Functions of the Cardiac Skeleton | 1. Supports heart & prevents stretch 2. Stabilizes valves 3. Insulating barrier separating atria ventricles 4. Prevents Stray electrical impulses |
| Papillary Muscles | attach chordae tedinae to floor at apex hold fast the chordae tedinae when the AV valves slam shut |
| Chordae Tendinae | prevent valves from swinging open backwards and allowing blood to regurgitate into atria |
| Cusps/Leaflets | flaps of tissue which seal together to make a valve allows only 1 way flow of blood prevents blood backflow into the wrong chambers |
| Right Ventricular Valve | one valve between each atrium and its ventricle regulate flow between atria and ventricles aka tricuspid valve (3 cusps/leaflets) prevents back flow from right ventricle to right atria |
| Left Ventricular Valve | one valve between each atrium and its ventricle regulate flow between atria and ventricles aka mitral/bicuspid valve (2 Cusps/leaflets) prevent backflow from left ventricle to left atria |
| Right and Left Semilunar Valve | have moon shaped leaflets/cusps regulate flow between ventricles and the great arteries Pulmonary Valve Aortic Valve |
| Pulmonary Valve | prevents backflow from pulmonary artery to right ventricle |
| Aortic Valve | prevents backflow from aorta to left ventricle |
| Valvular Heart Disease (VHD) | Deterioration of valve function may develop after carditis (inflammation of the heart) may result from rheumatic fever(inflammatory autoimmune response to strep bacteria) |
| Common Valve Problems | Valvular insufficiency Valvular Stenosis -both can lead to heart failure - replaced with pig/artificial valves Heart Murmur |
| Valvular insufficiency | Incompetent valve fails to prevent backflow during contraction -allows blood to regurgitate back into the chamber from which its pumped |
| Valvular stenosis | stenotic valve is narrowed and causes the heart to strain |
| Heart Murmur | Sound of regurgitation (insufficiency) -tolerance of backflow due to incompetent or stenotic heart valves |
| Heart Sounds | AV Valves (Tri and Bi)- LUB- 1st Closure of SL Valves- DUB -2nd |
| Coronary Circulation | Supplies blood to muscle tissue of heart elevated blood pressure and elastic rebound of aorta maintain blood flow through coronary arteries |
| Coronary Arteries | Originate at aortic sinuses deliver oxygenated blood to myocardium |
| Coronary Circulation (heart to heart) | Heart has own circulatory system due to high demand for oxygen and nutrients |
| End Arteries | don't overlap with arteries from opposite directions, if blocked, nothing gets downstream |
| Right Side Arteries of the heart | Right Coronary Artery Sinoatrial nodal artery Right Marginal Artery (Acute Marginal Artery) Posterior Inter-ventricular Artery (Posterior Descending Artery) |
| Right Coronary Artery | arises from aorta on right, just above aortic valve travels in right coronary sulcus, under R. atrium |
| Sinoatrial Nodal Artery | Supplies sinoatrial node |
| Left Side Arteries Arteries of the heart | Left Coronary Artery Anterior interventricular artery Left circumflex artery left marginal artery (left obtuse artery) |
| Left Coronary Artery | arises from the aorta on the left, just above aortic valve very short, bifurcates (splits) into 2 arteries |
| Anterior interventricular artery | aka Anterior Descending Artery or Left Anterior Descending (LAD)-widowmaker |
| Left circumflex artery | circles around to the back of the heart |
| Veins of the heart | Great Cardiac Vein Middle Cardiac Vein Small Cardiac Vein Coronary Sinus |
| Great Cardiac Vein | arises from anterior surface along intraventricular septum travels in left coronary sinus |
| Middle Cardiac Vein | arises from posterior intraventricular septum |
| Small Cardiac Vein | arises from the right margin, travels in R. Coronary Sulcus |
| Coronary Sinus | end point of all cardiac veins, dumps deoxygenated right atrium |
| Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) | areas of partial or complete blockage of coronary circulation Cardiac Muscle cells need constant supply of O2 and nutrients reduction in blood flow-lower cardiac performance CAD due to narrowing from plaque |
| Coronary Ischemia | reduced circulatory supply from partial or complete blockage of coronary arteries |
| Angina Pectoris | pain due to incomplete blockage common 1st symptom of CAD temporary ischemia when workload increases |
| Angina Pectoris triggers and symptoms | Exertion or emotional stress- sensations of pressure, chest compression and pain pain- sternal area to arms, back and neck pain on exertion= stops w/rest |
| Myocardial Infarction | Coronary thrombus- clot formation at a plaque Consequences depend on site and f nature of blockage if near start of coronary arteries- widespread damage and heart may stop |
| (MI) near start of coronary arteries | widespread damage and heart may stop |
| (MI) small aterial branch- individual may survive crisis but may h | individual may survive crisis but may have reduced contractility & cardiac arrhythmias |
| Cardiac arrest | electrical stoppage of heart |
| MI Symptoms | intense persistent pain, even at rest pain not always felt (women may go untreated and unrecognized) often diagnosed with ECG and blood studies Damaged myocardial cells release enzymes |
| Myocardial Enzymes | Cardiac Troponin T Cardiac Troponin I Form of Phosphokinase CK-MB |
| Collateral Collection | Alternate circulation around blocked vein/artery via another pathway typically a nearby minor vessel If enough oxygenated blood gets to tissue that is blocked after an MI, the tissue may recover and survive Regular Exercise promotes collateral collect |
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treylowrey1
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