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test 4
anatomy and physiology test review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Central nervous system consists of? | Brain and spinal cord, encased in bone |
| What are the fuctions of the Central nervous system? | To process, integrate,store, and respond to information from the PNS |
| The peripheral nervous system consists of? | Nervous tissue outside the CNS such as nerves and sensory receptors |
| The functions of the peripheral nervous system are? | Detects stimuli and sends/recieves information from the CNS |
| Astrocytes provide strucual support for what? | Neurons and blood vessels |
| What other fuction do the astrocytes provide? | They influence the blood brain barrier, isolate damaged tissue, and limit the spread of inflammation |
| Emydemal cells line what? | They line the ventricles and the central canal of the spinal cord, some produce cerebrospinal fluid |
| Microglial cells do what? | They phagocytize microorganisms, foreign substances, and necrotic tissue |
| Oligodendrocytes form what? | They form myelin sheaths around the axons of several CNS neurons |
| Schwann cells do what? | They form myelin sheaths around part of the axon of a PNS neuron |
| What are satilite cells functions? | They support and nourish neuron cell bodies with ganglia |
| What are the two parts of the refractory period? | Absolute refractory and relative refractory |
| Absolute refractory has? | No response to stimulus |
| Relative refractory does what? | An action potential may be produced |
| The lateral ventricles are located where? | They join in the midline just inferior to the corpus collosum |
| The third ventricle is located where? | In the center of the diencephalon between the two halfes of the thalumus |
| The fourth ventricle is located where? | In the inferior part of the pons to the superior part of the medulla oblongata |
| A structure of the fourth venrticle is? | The cerebral aqueduct |
| The fourth ventricle is also continued where? | With the part of the spinal cord |
| Folia are what? | Ridged lines that are part of the cerebellum |
| Rami are? | Branches of the spinal nerves |
| Two structures of the rami are? | Dorsal rami and Ventral rami |
| Plexuses are? | A braid or intermingling of the nerves, in this instance in the ventral rami |
| What are some of the major plexuses? | Cervical, brachial, and lumbar |
| What are the other major plexuses? | Sacral and coccygeal |
| The cervical major plexus does what? | Controlls neck muscles and skin |
| The brachial major plexus does what? | Controls upper limb |
| The lumbar major plexus does what? | Muscles of the lower back, hip, and lower limb |
| The sacral major plexus does what? | Normally associated with the lumbar plexus |
| The coccygeal major plexus does what? | Muscles of the pelvic floor and skin over the coccygeal region |
| Endocrine gland is? | A ductless gland that secretes chemical signals into the circulatory system |
| A fuction of the endocrine system is? | Metabolism and tissue maturation |
| Another fuction of the endocrine system is ? | Ion regulation |
| Another function of the endocrine system is? | Water balance |
| Fuction of the endocrine system is? | Immune system |
| Endocrine system function is? | Heart rate and blood pressure |
| Endocrine system fuction is? | Glucose and other nutrients |
| Endocrine system function is? | Reproductive functions |
| The last function of the endocrine system is? | Uterine contractions and milk release |
| Water soluble hormones do what? | They circulate for only seconds to minutes before they are broke down |
| Lipid soluble hormones do what? | They commonly circulate with the binding hormones |
| The pancreas is what kind of gland? | An endocrine and exocrine gland |
| Insulin does what? | It absorbs blood glucose for later use |
| Glucagon does what? | It breaks down fat to increase blood glucose |
| Common glands for the endocrine system is? | Pituitary gland and hypothalumus |
| Another gland for endocrine system? | Thyroid gland and parathyroid gland |
| Another gland involved in the endocrine system is? | Adreneal glands and pancreas |
| Name some other glands involved with the endocrine system? | Testies, ovaries, and pineal gland |
| The PNS has what two divisions? | The sensory and motor division |
| Motor division has what 2 divisions? | Autonomic and somatic |
| Autonomic has 3 divisions what are they? | Parsympathetic,sympathetic, and enteric |
| Parasympathetic does what? | Is more for resting |
| Sympathetic does what? | Is more for activity |
| Enteric does what? | Controls digestive system |
| Myelinated axons conduct what? | Action potentials rapidly |
| Unmyelinated axons conduct what slowly? | Action potentials |
| Unmyelinated axons are? | Produced immediately to adjacent action potentials |
| Myelinated axons produce what? | Action Potentials at the nodes of ranvier |
| The Na+-K+ pump moves ions by? | Active transport, K+ moved in and Na+ moved out |
| The negative charge is higher where? | Inside the cell |
| Negatively charged proteins are synthesized where? | Inside the cell and cannot diffuse out |
| The permability of the plasma membrane is determined by? | Leak channels and gated ion channels |
| More numerous K+ leak channels than Na+ leak channels so? | The cell is more permeable to K+ at rest |
| A charge difference across the membrane when the cell is not stimulated causes what? | The inside to be more negatively charged while the outside is positively charged |
| Mainly due to the tendency of K+ ions to diffuse out of the cell, is opposed by? | The negative charge that it develops |
| Depolarization is a decrease in the resting membrane potential, the cell becomes more positive due to? | A decrease in the K+ concentration gradient, causing a decrease in the membrane permeability of K+ |
| Decrease in the membrane permeability of K+ also causes? | An increase of Na+ and Ca+ permeability, or a decrease in Ca+ outside the cell |
| Hyperpolarization is an increase of the resting membrane potential as a result from? | An increase in the K+ concentration gradient, an increase in the membrane permeability of K+ |
| What else does hyperpolarization cause? | Increase in Cl- permeability, decrease of Na+ permeability, or an increase in Ca+ outside the cell |
| Cerebrospinal fluid fills the ventricles and what else? | The subarachnoid space and the central canal of the spinal cord |
| Where is cerebrospinal fluid produced? | In the choroid plexus within the ventricles by ependymal cells |
| What does cerebrospinal fluid provide? | Protecting fluid cushion and provide some nutrients to the CNS tissues |
| Cranial nerve 1 is? | It is called Olfactory and its fuction is the special sense of smell |
| Cranial nerve 2 is? | It is called Optic and its function is the special sense of vision |
| Cranial nerve 3 is? | It is called Ocolomotor and its fuction is motor to the eye muscles |
| Cranial nerve 4 is? | It is called Trochlear and its fuction is that it is the motor to one eye muscle |
| Cranial nerve 5 is? | It is called Trigeminal and the fuction is that it is the motor to the muscles of mastication |
| Cranial nerve 6 is? | It is called Abducent and its fuction is it is the motor to one eye muscle |
| Cranial nerve 7 is? | It is called Facial and its fuction is it is the motor to the muscles of facial expression |
| Cranial nerve 8 is? | It is called Vestibulocochlear and its fuction is the special sense of hearing and balance |
| Cranial nerve 9 is? | It is called Glossopharyngeal and the function is the sense of taste |
| Cranial nerve 10 is? | It is called Vagus and its function is it makes voice production |
| Cranial nerve 11 is? | It is called Accessory and its function is the motor to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscle |
| Cranial nerve 12 is? | It is called Hypoglossal and it function is the motor to the tongue muscles |
| A convolution is? | One of the sinous folds or ridges of the surface of the brain |
| Dermatome is? | Area of skin supplied by a spinal nerve |
| The Brochas ares is located where? | Inferior part of frontal lobe |
| The Brochas area does what? | It is the motor speech area which initiates the complex series of movements necessary for speech |
| Wernickes area is located where? | It is located in the portion of parietal lobe |
| Wernickes area has what fuction? | It is the sensory speech area, It is necessary for understanding and formulating coherent speech |
| The pyramid does what? | It is the descending tracts involved in muscle control, decussate or the decussation of the pyramids |
| The cerebellar peduncles do what? | Attached to the brainstem by three groups of tracts |
| The parts of the cerebellum are? | The Vermis,Flocculonodular, Lateral hemispheres |
| The thalamus is what? | The largest part of the diencephalon |
| What other facts about the thalumus are there? | It is a collection of nuclei |
| All senses relay to the ____ to the cerebellum, except smell | Thalumus |
| What does the thalumus control? | Skeletal muscles, limbic system, and emotions |
Created by:
meganmeyer20
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