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nervous system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| purpose of the nervous system | 1. monitor/control conditions within the body (homeostasis) 2. behavior, memory, movement |
| study of the nervous system | neurology |
| sensory function | senses changes in the internal and external environment through sensory receptors |
| integrative function | analyzes sensory info, stores memories, makes decisions |
| motor function | initiates a response to a stimuli by causing movement |
| nervous system functions | sensory, integrative, motor |
| what structures make up the nervous system | nerves (sensory or motor), brain/cranial nerves, spinal cord/spinal nerves, ganglia, enteric plexus, sensory receptors |
| ganglia | small masses of nervous tissue make minor decisions about passing signals. located outside of the brain |
| enteric plexus | bundle of nerves in the abdomen that helps regulate the digestive system |
| sensory receptors | specialized neurons that monitor changes in the environment |
| A | parietal lobe |
| B | spinal cord |
| C | cerebrum |
| D | frontal lobe |
| E | thalamus |
| F | hypothalamus |
| G | pituitary gland |
| H | midbrain |
| J | pons |
| K | medulla oblongata |
| L | cerebellum |
| M | temporal lobe |
| N | occipital lobe |
| cranial nerves | nerves directly monitor and control specific actions/senses in the body- the brain does not use the spinal cord to pass signals to and from these nerves |
| cranial meninges | 3 layers of membrane that protect the brain: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater |
| 3 major parts of the brain | cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla |
| medulla location and function | located between brain stem and spinal cord regulate breathing, heart and blood vessel function, digestion, sneezing, and swallowing center for circulatory and respiratory function |
| cerebellum location and function | located in the lower back part of the brain balance, movement, and coordination |
| cerebrum location and function | located on the top main part of brain center of intelligence, memory, and imagination frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes |
| gyrus | top of the wrinkles/ridges on the surface of the brain |
| sulcus | grooves between the ridges on the surface of the brain |
| cortex | area beneath the ridges of the brain |
| fissure | the big groove down the middle of the brain that divides into left and right halves |
| parts of a neuron | nucleus, node of Ranvier (area between axons), axoplasm (cytoplasm of an axon), axon terminal (end of the neuron), axolemma (membrane of the axon) |
| neuron cells | -electrically excitable due to voltage differences on inside and outside of membrane established by ions -have dendrites that receive signal, cell body (nucleus), axon, and axon terminal that passes the signal on to other neurons |
| neuroglial cells | supports neurons: -blood brain barrier -secrete chemicals to regulate growth, migration, and interconnection between neurons -learning and memory -form/ maintain myelin sheath -phagocytosis -produces/monitors circulation of cerebrospinal fluid |
| blood brain barrier | physical barrier between the central nervous system and other tissues in the body |
| myelin sheath | fatty coating which helps the signal much faster along the neuron |
| action potentials | 1. neuron at rest 2. nerve is stimulated 3. impulse travels down neuron 4. re-set 5. Na/K pump |
| neuron at rest | K inside, Na outside. difference in charge across a membrane (charge gradient) is like water behind a dam |
| nerve is stimulated | Na goes into cell, threshold potential, charge reverses at that spot |
| impulse travels down neuron | reversed charge opens other Na channels further down, Na continues to move into cell, motion like 'the wave' |
| neuron reset | second wave travels down neuron (not a new signal, just a reset), K channels open, K goes out of cell, charge reverses back |
| Na/K pump | active transport protein in membrane, Na pumped out/K pumped in, resets charge across membrane |
| action potential graph | resting, stimulus reaches threshold potential, Na open/K close, Na close/K open, K closes slowly |
| saltatory conduction | the way an electrical impulse skips from node to node down the full length of an axon, speeding the arrival of the impulse at the nerve terminal |
| A fibers | largest, myelinated, fastest signals, associated with touch and pain motor neurons that conduct impulses to skeletal muscles |
| C fibers | smallest, unmyelinated, signals to the heart sensory and motor signals for dilating pupils, hot/cold, pressure on skin |
| B fibers | medium size, sensory, myelinated, signals to brain and spinal cord |
| electrical synapses | ionic current spreads to next cell quickly through electricity ex: allows the heart to contract together and quickly |
| chemical synapses | action potential reaches end bulb and Ca channels open. calcium goes inward and triggers the release of a neurotransmitter. more neurotransmitter released = greater change in cell potential |
| central nervous system (CNS) | brain and spinal cord |
| peripheral nervous system (PNS) | all nervous tissue outside of the brain and spinal cord |
| somatic nervous system | part of the PNS, voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles |
| autonomic nervous system | involuntary movement |
| enteric nervous system | monitors functions of gastrointestinal tract- regulates digestion, intestines, etc. |
| sympathetic nervous system | 'stress' pupils dilated, HR increased, bronchi expand, blood flow to preproduction and digestion decreases, blood flow to skeletal, cardiac, and liver increases, liver releases sugar into the blood opposite of parasympathetic |
| parasympathetic nervous system | ' rest and digest' pupils constrict, HR slows, bronchi constrict, blood flow to reproduction and digestion increases, blood flow to cardiac and skeletal decreases, liver stores sugar opposite of sympathetic |
| SLUDD | salivation, lacrimation (crying), urination, digestion, defecation parasympathetic nervous system |
| how meth works | -mimics dopamine and is taken into the cell by dopamine transporters (responsible for removing dopamine after it is used) -forces dopamine out of the dopamine vesicles -excess causes dopamine to be pushed out of the cell and used over and over again |
| neurotransmitters | -chemical messengers that your body can't function without. -carry chemical signals (“messages”) from one neuron (nerve cell) to the next target cell |
| glutamate | -most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter -important to maintaining optimal levels -important to memory, cognition, and mood regulation -less of this can result in depression |
| excitatory neurotransmitter | passes the signal along to the next cell |
| inhibitory neurotransmitter | prevents the signal from being passed along |
Created by:
ewhite233
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