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Neuropsychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What're the 4 nervous systems? | 1. Central Nervous System (CNS). 2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). 3. Somatic Nervous System (part of PNS). 4. Autonomic Nervous System (part of PNS). |
| What're the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system? | Sympathetic NS: Arouses the body for action. // Parasympathetic NS: Calms the body down. |
| Parts of the brainstem (top to bottom) | Diencephalon, Midbrain, Hindbrain. |
| What're the 4 major somatosensory submodalities? | 1. Pain (nociception). 2. Touch (hapsis). 3. Body awareness (proprioception). 4. Balance (vestibular). |
| Capgras syndrome/delusion | Psychiatric condition where someone holds a delusion that someone they have strong emotions toward (typically friends, family members, etc.) has been replaced by an imposter. Most often occurs after a brain injury. |
| Symptom subcategory definitions (onset, course, etc.) | Onset: when symptoms began // Course: change over time (static vs. progressive) // Duration: length // Severity: minimal, mild, moderate, severe |
| Etiology vs. pathology | Etiology: Underlying cause of a disease. Organic (biological) or functional (psychological) (controversial terms). // Pathology: The biological underpinnings of a disease. |
| Biomarker | Measurable biological unit for detecting the presence of a disease. |
| Syndrome | A set of symptoms occurring together, may have different etiologies but present in a similar fashion. |
| Diagnosis vs. Differential diagnosis | dx: Identification of a pathology through investigation of symptoms/syndrome. diff. dx: Finding as many candidate diseases that could possibly cause the symptoms/syndrome. |
| Stroke (Cerebrovascular accident) | Syndrome of acute, rapid onset neurological symptoms caused by a disruption of blood flow to part of the brain. Can produce an infarct. |
| Ischemic stroke (definition & types) | Occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted or reduced. // Types: thrombotic & embolic. |
| Thrombotic vs. Embolic stroke | TS: Occlusion of BV by plug of thrombotic material broken from blood vessel walls or of foreign matter. // ES: Occlusion blood vessel by a clump of blood particles & tissue overgrowth that accumulates in arteriosclerotic plaques (60-70% of strokes |
| Hemorrhagic stroke | Caused by arterial rupture due to hypertension or a rupture associated with an aneurysm/AVM/tumor/deficient coagulation. // Mortality rate of 35-52% in first 30 days. |
| Transient ischemic attack (TIA) | "a stroke that didn't finish". Sx are short & don't show up on neuroimaging. |
| Vascular cognitive impairment (used to be vascular dementia) | Typically has a rapid onset with stepwise course. Cog. changes include exec. dysfunction & psychomotor abnormalities w/o clear pattern of memory loss.. Can be caused by repeated strokes. Neuroimaging results used to aid dx. |
| Traumatic brain injury (TBI) | Acquired brain injury, can be open (penetration, breaking of skull) or closed (impact, shaken baby syndrome). Severity is determined by details surrounding the injury (injury factors, clinical presentation, their experience, etc). |
| Aneurysm | Localized defect in a vessel wall that causes a dilation or ballooning out. Can be congenital but also caused by hypertension & other vascular pathology. Can be dx by imaging. // Treatments: stenting, coiling, clipping. |
| Epilepsy (definition & tx) | A group of disorders characterized by the presence of epileptic seizures. // Etiologies: Genetic, congenital, acquired. // Tx: Antiepileptic drugs, brain stimulator (RNS, VNS, DBS). |
| Epileptic seizures | Sudden, transient alteration in behavior caused by an abnormal, excessive electrical discharge in the brain due to a temporary synchronization of neuronal activity. Ictus = seizure. // |
| Diagnosing epilepsy | Done through history taking, understanding seizure semiology, EEG. Also CT, MRI, SPECT to identify epileptogenic region. |
| Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM) | Congenital masses of enlarged vessels supplied & drained by multiple arteries & veins. Weakened vessel walls can cause hemorrhage or occlusion. |
| Psychogenic nonepileptic seizure | attacks that resemble epilepsy-related seizures in symptoms & signs, but isn't caused by abnormal elec. activity. Instead a physical reaction to psychological distress. |
| Brain tumor (intracranial neoplasm) | Initial symptoms of headache, seizures, vision changes, vomiting, & cognitive changes. // Treatments: Chemo, radiation, resection. |
| Dementia (definition & stages) | Clinical syndrome involving cognitive, emotional, & behavioral changes due to neurological disease. // 1. Preclinical/prodromal. // 2. Mild cognitive impairment. // 3. Dementia (substages: mild, moderate, moderately severe, severe). |
| TBI severity indicators (most to least important) | Loss of consciousness, posttraumatic anterograde amnesia/confusion, Glascow Coma Scale, structural neuroimaging. |
| Mild cognitive impairment | Clinical syndrome caused by many pathologies & consists of an objective cognition change. Daily functioning remains generally intact. // Subtypes: amnestic vs. non-amnestic, single vs. multiple domain. |
| Alzheimer's disease (AD) | Most common form of dementia. Treatment: no cure or disease-modifying treatment. Sx management, non-pharmacological tx. // NA: Cortex shrivels, ventricles grow, hippocampus shrinks. |
| TBI primary vs. secondary injury | primary: original injury (focal or diffuse). // secondary: edema, inflammation, excitotoxicity cascade. |
| Senile plaques vs. Neurofibrillary tangles (AD) | SP: outside of neurons. NFT: abnormal collections of tau protein (tau protein normal, but in AD they clump & kill the protein). |
| Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) | group of conditions resulting from the progressive degeneration of the temporal & frontal lobes (big role in decision-making, behavior control, emotion & language). |
| 3 clinical syndromes under FTD | 1. Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) // 2. Semantic variant primary progressive aphasia (svPPA) // 3. Nonfluent/agrammatic variant primary progressive aphasia (nfvPPA) |
| Parkinson's disease (PD) | Bradykinesia & 1+ of the following: Muscular rigidity, resting tremor, postural instability. |
| Partial vs. Generalized seizure | Partial: starts in one area of the brain (can lose awareness, but NOT consciousness). // Generalized: Involves whole brain, consciousness is lost. |
| Complex partial vs. Simple partial seizure | CPS: altered awareness & behavior. // SPS: patient remains alert. // BOTH CAN BECOME GENERALIZED! |
| 4 seizure types (bottom of diagram from class) | Tonic Clonic: convulsion w/ LOC, body stiffening, then limbs jerk. // Absence: staring/trance-like state. // Tonic/Atonic: Abrupt fall, either body stiffening OR muscle tone. Myoclonic: Sudden muscle jerks. |
| Ictal stages (seizures) | Pre-ictal: Aura sensation. // Ictal: Motor movements, sensations, speech change. // Post-ictal: Confusion, fatigue. |
| Deep brain stimulation (DBS) | Tx: AD, Epilepsy, seizures. Surgically implantable pulse generator to deliver electrical stimulation to specific areas in the brain that control movement. Involves minimal permanent surgical change to the brain. |
| Dementia w/ Lewy Bodies (Robin Williams) | Core feat.: Cog. change, fluctuating cog., recurrent well-formed visual hallucinations, Parkinsonism. // Suggest. feat.: REM sleep behavior disorder, neuroleptic sensitivity. // Supportive feat.: Falls, delusions, depression, autonomic dysfunction. |
| Multiple Sclerosis (MS) | (Autoimmune) Insulated axonal coverings (myelin) are destroyed by the body’s own immune system. ~50% have cognitive impairments (memory/attention issues, etc.). Depression also common. Eye problems usually initial sx. |
| Primary vs. Secondary levels of consciousness | PL: Awareness. // SL: Awareness OF awareness. |
| Bottom-up vs. top-down processing | BUP: Data-driven, relies mostly on stimuli being presented in the environment. // TDP: concept driven, relies on information already in memory (expectations & prior knowledge). |
| Working memory | Holding information in short-term storage, manipulating it, & using it (attention based). |
| Inattentional blindness | Failure to notice an event that occurs while performing another task. |
| Conscious vs. Automatic processing | CP: Top-down, requires focused attention. // AP: Bottom-up, unconscious, unintentional. |
| Change blindness | Failure to detect a change in the presence, identity, or location of objects in scenes (most likely when change is unexpected). |
| Consciousness | Binds diverse aspects of sensory information into a single perceptual event that we experience as reality. Thought to be a property of synchronized brain activity (most brain activity is unconscious). |
| Dual systems of information processing | System 1: Fast thinking, automatic processes to generate rapid, unconscious responses with little thought. // System 2: Slow thinking, employ conscious control based on relevant knowledge. |
| Posner & Petersen model of attention | - Attention system is anatomically separate from sensory ones. // - Attention isn't a single process. - Attention can be thought of 3 stages. |
| Posner & Petersen model of attention stages | 1. Alerting (reticular activating system). 2. Orienting (Prioritizes sensory information). 3. Executive (Top-down role). |
| Baddeley's Model of Working Memory | Central executive: Supervisory system, controls flow of info. // Phonological loop: Stores verbal content. // Visuo-spatial sketchpad: Visuo-spatial data. // Episodic buffer: Limited capacity passive system. integrates information across domains, time. |
| Span tests | Test of working memory capacity. Digit span from WISC/WAIS most common. |
| Tests of sustained attention vs. divided attention vs. everyday attention vs. processing speed | SA: Continuous Performance Test (CPT-III). // DA: Trail Making Test (TMT). // EDA: Test of Everyday Attention (TEA). PS: Symbol Substitution Tasks (SST). |
| 3 main forms of memory | Sensory memory: Information retention from senses. // Short-term memory: Information processed in short time period. // Long-term memory: Allows long-term information storage. Two subtypes (explicit & implicit memory). |
| Explicit vs. Implicit memory | EM: Consciously retrieved, personal experiences. Episodic (time-related) & semantic memory (concepts/meanings). // Implicit: Unconsciously retrieved. Procedural memory, associative & non-associative memory, priming. |
| 3 types of amnesia | 1. Infantile amnesia: Inability to remember events from infancy/early childhood. // 2. Retrograde amnesia: Inability to access old memories. // 3. Anterograde amnesia: Inability to form new memories. |
| Interference (Definition & types) | When the introduction of new information interferes with the recall of other information. // 1. Proactive interference: Old information interferes w/ new info learning. 2. Retroactive interference: Learning of new info interferes w/ recall of old info. |
| Phonemes vs. Morphemes vs. Lexicon | Phonemes: Individual sounds. // Morphemes: Smallest meaningful units of words. // Lexicon: Storage of words & their meanings. |
| Broca's area vs. Wernicke's area | Broca's: (frontal lobe) Speech production. // Wernicke's: (posterior temporal lobe) Speech comprehension. |
| Heschl's gyrus (aka transverse temporal gyrus) | (temporal lobe) Contains primary auditory cortex. |
| Aphasia vs. Agraphia vs. Alexia | Aphasia: Disorder of language in speech. // Agraphia: Disorder of written language. // Alexia: Disorder of reading. |
| Paraphasia | Error of speech through the production of unintended syllables, words, or phrases. |
| 3 components of aphasia classification | 1. Fluency. 2. Comprehension. 3. Repetition. |
| Tests to assess aphasia | 1. Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (BDAE) // 2. Boston Naming Test (BNT) // 3. Auditory Naming Test (ANT) // 4. Multilingual Aphasia Examination (MAE) // 5. Sentence Repetition Test (SRT) // 6. Token Test. // 7. Verbal Fluency Tests |
| Syntax vs. Semantics vs. Prosody vs. Discourse | Syntax: Grammar rules. // Semantics: Connecting words & sentences to meaning. // Prosody: Tone of voice. // Discourse: Conversation. |
| Visuospatial processing spaces | Body space: The body's surface. // Grasping space: Space surrounding the body. // Distal space: The space the body moves through. // Time Space: Time dimension of past & future (autonoetic awareness included here). |
| Global aphasia vs. Anomic aphasia vs. Conduction aphasia | GA: Nonfluent, impaired comprehension, inability to repeat. // AA: Inability to name objects. // CA: Fluent, good comprehension, inability to repeat. |
| Mixed transcortical aphasia vs. Transcortical motor aphasia vs. Transcortical sensory aphasia | MTA: Nonfluent, impaired comprehension, can repeat. // TMA: Nonfluent, good comprehension, can repeat. // TSA: Fluent, impaired comprehension, can repeat. |
| Broca's aphasia vs. Wernicke's aphasia | BA: Nonfluent, good comprehension, inability to repeat. // WA: Fluent, impaired comprehension, inability to repeat. |
| Visual inattention/neglect | Absence of awareness of visual stimuli in the left field of vision commonly seen in right. hemisphere lesions, particularly the temporoparietal area. // Tests: line bisection task, a crossing-out task, & a cancellation task. |
| Executive functioning | Set of higher-order top-down cognitive processes involved in planning, selection, & execution of actions that are purposeful and adaptive, goal-directed and future-oriented, and socially informed. Aided by lower-order processes. |
| Executive functioning assumptions | 1. EF is a multifaceted construct. // 2. Its defined based on what functions contribute to its purpose, not their presumed neural underpinnings. // 3. Some EF processes require a great deal of top-down control & effort, & all require some bottom-up. |
| Verbal fluency tests | A test to evaluate the spontaneous production of words under guidelines. // Tests: Phonemic fluency test (letter fluency), Semantic fluency (category fluency). |
| Topographic memory | Ability to move through space from one place to another. |
| Egocentric disorientation | (Posterior parietal) Inability to represent the location of objects with respect to self. |
| Heading disorientation | (Posterior cingulate) Inability to represent direction of orientation with respect to the environment. |
| Landmark agnosia | (Lingual gyrus) Inability to represent the appearance of salient environmental stimuli (landmarks). |
| Anterograde disorientation | (Parahippocampal gyrus) Inability to orient in new environments, cannot learn new representations of the environment. |
| Spatial-mapping or memory deficit | (Hippocampus) Amnesia, especially rich spatial details. |
| Orientation Questions | To assess their general understanding of their environment. Done in rehab, inpatient, etc. |
| Order of language units (least to most complex) | 1. Phonemes 2. Morphemes 3. Lexicon 4. Syntax 5. Semantics 6. Prosody 7. Discourse |
| Suchy's Model of EF | Purpose: Set formation, set maintenance, set shifting. // (yall Idk what he wants us to learn about this, God save us all). |
| Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) | Considered a measure of EF that requires strategic planning, organized searching, the ability to use environmental feedback to shift cognitive set, goal-oriented behavior, and the ability to modulate impulsive responding. |
| Purpose of Report | • Provision of differential diagnoses • Documentation of cognitive strengths and weaknesses • Delineation of functional implications of the identified deficits • Recommendations regarding interventions. |
| Most commonly used report sections | • Identifying Information and Reason for Referral • Background Information/History • Tests Administered • Behavioral Observations • Test Results/Interpretations • Summary & Conclusions • Diagnostic Impressions • Recommendations |
| Example structure of a feedback section | • Review the purpose of testing • Define the tests • Explain the test results and behaviors • Describe the patient’s strengths and weaknesses • Addressing diagnostic and prognostic issues • Discuss recommendations |
| Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (BDAE) | Designed to: • to enable diagnosis of aphasia syndromes • to measure the breadth and severity of aphasic disturbance • to provide a comprehensive assessment of language to guide therapy |
| Verbal Fluency Test | Designed to evaluate the spontaneous production of words under restricted search conditions (verbal association fluency). Phonemic & sementic fluency. |
| California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) | Assesses both recall & recognition of two word lists over immediate & delayed memory trials. |
| 2 types of Explicit Memory | Episodic (time-related events) and Semantic (concepts & meaning) memory. |
| 4 types of Implicit Memory | Priming, Associative, Non-associative, & Procedural |
Created by:
JaydenKPettersen
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