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BMS 250 Lecture
Chapter 15
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Autonomic nervous system divisions | sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| Somatic nervous system perception/control | conscious |
| Autonomic nervous system perception/control | unconscious |
| Somatic nervous system neurons involved | motor and sensory (somatic); 1 (somatic motor neuron) |
| Autonomic nervous system neurons involved | motor (visceral); 2 (preganglionic and ganglionic) |
| Somatic nervous system organs innervated | skeletal muscle |
| Autonomic nervous system organs innervated | cardiac muscle smooth muscle glands |
| Preganglionic neuron | cell body in brainstem or spinal cord; axon projects through cranial or spinal nerve; projects to an autonomic ganglia in the PNS |
| Ganglionic neuron/postganglionic neuron | cell body in autonomic ganglia, axon projects to target |
| Advantages of a 2-neuron chain | provides an added layer of communication and control; neuronal convergence and divergence |
| Neuronal convergence | axons from numerous preganglionic neurons synapse with and influence a single ganglionic neuron |
| Neuronal divergence | axons from one preganglionic neuron synapse with and influence numerous ganglionic neurons |
| CNS control of the autonomic nervous system | hypothalamus (integrates and commands, deals with emotion), brainstem (visceral reflex centers), and spinal cord (reflex centers for defecation and urination) |
| Parasympathetic division | "rest-and-digest", maintain homeostasis during rest, conserves energy and replenishes nutrient stores |
| Sympathetic division | "fight-or-flight", maintain homeostasis during exercise, stress, emergency, releases nutrient stores |
| Parasympathetic division location of preganglionic cell bodies | brain stem, lateral gray matter of S2-S4 spinal cord (craniosacral) |
| Sympathetic division location of preganglionic cell bodies | lateral horns of T1-L2 (thoracolumbar) |
| Parasympathetic division length of preganglionic and postganglionic axons | longer preganglionic, shorter postganglionic |
| Sympathetic division length of preganglionic and postganglionic axons | shorter preganglionic, longer postganglionic |
| Parasympathetic # of preganglionic axon branches | few (no more than 4) |
| Sympathetic # of preganglionic axon branches | many (more than 20) |
| Parasympathetic location of autonomic ganglia | close to or within the effector |
| Sympathetic location of autonomic ganglia | relatively close to the spinal cord |
| Degree of control in parasympathetic division | local response (stimulates either one or only a few structures at the same time); occurs because long preganglionic axons with limited branches |
| Degree of control in sympathetic division | mass activation (activation of multiple systems simultaneously); occurs because short preganglionic axons with many branches and adrenal glands release norepinephrine and epinephrine into blood) |
| Chain of two lower motor neurons in ANS | involves preganglionic neuron and ganglionic neuron |
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