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Exam 3-1 A&P
Cardiovascular System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why is the Muscular layer in arteries thicker than the veins | It makes them more resilient and creates a recoil important for arterial flow |
| Which organs and tissues will be most densely packed with capillaries | Brain |
| What is the name of the vein that carries blood from the intestine, spleen, and pancreas into the liver for cleansing | Portal |
| What vein is most commonly affected by the condition of varicose veins | Saphenous |
| Which vein is equivalent of the carotid artery | Jugular |
| What is the function of the hepatic vein | Returns blood from the liver to interior vena cava |
| What is the name of the most medial superficial vein in the cubital region | Basilic |
| Where is the saphenous vein located | Along the medial aspect of the lower extremity |
| Which layer of the heart is comprised of striated and involuntary muscle tissue | Myocardium |
| What is the name of the thin epithelial tissue layer of the heart wall that is the inner surface of each chamber | Endocardium |
| What is the name of the heart valve located between the right atrium and ventricle | Tricuspid |
| Name the two semilunar valve | Pulmonary & Aortic semilunar valve |
| What chamber of the heart pumps blood into the aorta | Left Ventricle |
| Which valve is the left atrioventricular valve | Mitral |
| What portion of the cardiac conduction system serves as the pacemaker | Sinoatrial Valve |
| What role do the intercalated discs found in the cardiac muscle play in the contraction of the heart | Form specialized gap junctions that pass action potential between fibers |
| What is the other anatomic term for the atrioventricular bundle | Bundle of his |
| What three phases are in the cardiac cycle | Relaxation-Atrial systole-Ventricular systole |
| What is happening during the atrial systole phase of the cardiac cycle | Atria are signaled to contract while ventricles are in diastole |
| Systemic circulation begins when blood leaves the ------of the heart and enters the-------- | Left Ventricle & aorta |
| What division of circulation is defined as the blood flow circuit between the heart and lungs | Pulmonary Circulation |
| Which chamber of the heart pumps blood into the pulmonary division of circulation | Right Ventricle |
| The physiologic concepts of hydrodynamics that drive all circulation are: fluid flows from and area of higher to lower pressure and | Flow is decreased when any resistance is applied |
| What are the driving forces for arterial blood flow | Force of cardiac contraction and arterial recoil |
| The respiratory pump created by breathing has its strongest influence on what portion of blood flow | Venous flow thru ventral cavities |
| Which of these changes would cause blood pressure to decrease | Lying down for 1 hour |
| What is the "normal" blood pressure reading for an average sized adult | 120/80 |
| The baroreceptors that sense blood pressure are located in what major blood vessel | Carotid artery |
| What term describes the condition that occurs when net capillary filtration greatly exceeds reabsorption | Edema |
| Which starling force is the dominant force behind capillary filtration | Interstitial fluid (IFP) |
| The key physiologic process of inflammation include clot formation, vasodilation, phagocytosis, and | Increased capillary permeability |
| When tissue is damaged, the chemicals released to support the inflammation process include histamines, complement factors and | Leukotrienes/prostaglandins |
| What is the other term for the subacute phase of tissue healing | Proliferative Phase |
| What stage of tissue healing is marked by an increase in the number of fibrocytes and decrease in the number of leukocytes | Subacute |
| What local tissue changes occur when histamine is released by mast cells, basophils, and platelets in the area of tissue trauma | Vasodilation and increased capillary permeability |
| The vein most often affected by the condition of varicose veins is the saphenous | TRUE |
| Hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells bind to and transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen | TRUE |
| Which is NOT a function of the cardiovascular system | Control fluid volumes and cellular sensitivity to stimulus |
| Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils are all granular leukocytes | TRUE |
| Which category of formed element is the most abundant type of cell in blood | Erythrocyte |
| Hematopoiesis is the term for blood cell production | TRUE |
| Which chamber of the heart pumps blood into the pulmonary division of circulation | Right Ventricle |
| As we age, blood vessels become less elastic and baroreceptors decrease in sensitivity | TRUE |
| Which formed element is responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide | Erythrocyte |
| The vein most often affected by the condition of varicose veins is the saphenous | TRUE |
| What is the name of the protein that gives red blood cells their capacity to carry blood gases | Hemoglobin |
| Which group of plasma proteins includes antibodies, complements, and clotting factors | Globulins |
| The cardiovascular system contributes to tissue healing in two ways: transportation of repair materials and removal of cellular debris, plus | the clotting process |
| Approximately what percentage of blood volume is plasma | 55% |
| The body's circulatory system is actually a combination of the cardiovascular and what other system | Lymphatic |
| Which formed element in blood plays a key role in blood clotting | Thrombocytes |
| Virtually every cell in the body relies on the circulatory system to perform what functions | Delivery of nutrients; removal of wastes |
| What is the aspect of the circulatory system that helps to isolate and repair broken blood vessels | Clotting Mechanisms |
| This structure divides the heart into left and right halves | Septum |
| These chambers are on the superior aspect aspect of the heart. They only pump blood into the chamber below them. What are they? | Atria |
| This chamber is responsible for pushing oxygenated blood to all parts of the body except the lungs. | Left Ventricle |
| The inner layer of large blood vessels is made of | Epithelium, tunica intima |
| The middle layer of large blood vessels is made of | Smooth muscle tissue, tunica media |
| The outer layer of large blood vessels is made of | Connective tissue, adventitia |
| What blood vessels always carry blood TOWARD the heart | Veins |
| What blood vessels always carry blood AWAY from the heart | Arteries |
| What blood vessels connect the larger types blood vessels | Capillaries |
| The clots that cause pulmonary embolism typically originate | Anywhere in the venous side of the systemic circuit |
| What is the condition that is most likely to lead to arterial thrombus and arterial embolism | Atherosclerosis |
| What is the term that refers to an area of tissue that has been damaged because of obstruction in blood flow | Infarction |
| Main contributing factor to hemophilia | A genetic mutation causes a shortage of one or more clotting factor |
| Most common form of hemophilia | Type A |
| Type of hemophilia accounts for only about 15% of all cases | Christmas Disease |
| Type of hemophilia occurs in women as often as in men | von Willebrand Disease |
| Most common form of Hypertension | Essential |
| Hypertension is marked by what major symptom | NONE: is the "silent killer" |
| Hypertension damages the tunica intima, starting the process of phagocyte infiltration and plaque formation | Hypertension leads to atherosclerosis |
| Hypertension damages the blood vessels leading to and in the brain, raising the risk for clots and/or aneurysm that can cause stroke | Hypertension leads to Stroke |
| Pushing against resistance in the arteries causes the muscle fibers in the heart to lose elasticity and strength | Hypertension leads to heart failure |
| Chronic high blood pressure damages delicate renal epithelium, which impairs kidney function | Hypertension leads to kidney disease |
| In addition to transporting nutrients and waste, and playing a major role in the body's immune responses, the cardiovascular system helps regulate | body temperature, pH and fluid balance |
| Formed element that plays largest role in immune responses | Leukocytes |
| Primary component of plasma | Water |
| Another term for platelets | Thrombocytes |
| Term for the three-stages physiologic process that stops bleeding or blood flow | Hemostasis |
| Two major divisions or circuits of the cardiovascular system | Pulmonary and Systemic |
| Smooth muscle ring of tissue in blood vessels regulates the volume and rate of blood flow into the capillaries | Precapillary Sphincter |
| Major artery delivers blood to the upper extremities | Subclavian |
| Which of these blood vessels carries deoxygenated blood to the liver | Portal Vein |
| Function of the pericardium | Acts as a protective covering that secretes serous fluid to decrease friction over the heart as it contracts |
| Blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the lungs | Pulmonary Artery |
| Name of the valve located between the right atrium and ventricle | Tricuspid |
| Chamber of the heart pumps blood into the systemic circuit of circulation | Left Ventricle |
| Chamber of the heart receives blood from the inferior vena cava | Right Atrium |
| Starling forces is the dominant force behind capillary filtration | Capillary Fluid Pressure |
| The amount of pressure exerted by blood against the walls of the arteries | Blood Pressure |
| What stage of tissue healing do we see margination and hematoma organization | Acute |
| Main cause of secondary edema after acute sprains and strains | Increased interstitial oncotic pressure |
| What action could be considered the safest and most important for manual therapist to do during the healing cycle to assure proper repair, tissue alignment, strength, and pliability | Encourage pain-free movement throughout all stages |
Created by:
JML19
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