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A&P-Chapter 17
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the five special senses? | Olfaction, vision, gustation, hearing, equilibrium |
| Reflex path for special senses: | Receives stimulus-change receptor potential-change sensory potential-threshold-ap sent |
| Two olfactory organs: | 1. Olfactory epithelium 2. Lamina Propria |
| Olfactory epithelium | receptors with cilia lined knobs; increases surface area |
| Lamina Propria | Vessels, nerves, glands, and loose ct |
| Olfactory pathway | odorants absorbed at cilia and bind receptors-->ap sent to CNS |
| Olfactory discrimination | chemicals activate receptor combos |
| What does the tongue contain? | Receptor taste buds |
| Filiform papillae | sharp projections grip food, no taste buds |
| Fungiform papillae | rounded projections with few taste buds |
| Vallate papillae | Rounded projections with many more taste buds |
| What is a taste bud? | gustatory cell and specialized cells |
| Gustatory pathway | tastants absorbed at microvilli and bind receptors-->ap sent to CNS |
| Gustatory discrimination | chemcials activate receptor combos |
| Vision involves: | accessory structures, eyes, and photoreceptors |
| Eyelashes | Protect eye from debris |
| Eyelid | Wipers clear debris/lubricate eye |
| Tarsal glands | secretions lubricate eyelid (the back so there is no scratching) |
| Lacrimal glands | produces tears that lubricate/protect |
| Lacrimal caruncle | inner eye, holding tank |
| Lacrimal gland ducts | deliver tears to the rest of the eye |
| Lacrimal apparatus | produces, distributes, and removes tears |
| Fibrous tunic | outer layer provides support and protection connection point for muscles |
| Sclera | white of eye; a lot of collagen/elastic vascularized and innervated |
| Cornea | transparent with a lot of elastic/collagen not vascularized |
| Vascular tunic | middle layer controls lens shape, light entry, and aqueous humor production |
| Iris | controls light entry by changing pupil diameter smooth muscle that controls diameter |
| Pupilary constrictor muscles | concentric muscles contract=decreased pupil size |
| Pupilary dilator muscles | radial muscles contract=increase pupil size |
| Ciliary body | has attachment sites for suspensor ligaments which holds lens has ciliary muscles (changes lens shape) |
| Choroid | contains capillaries/nerves |
| Neural tunic | inner layer retina |
| Pigmented region of neural tunic | absorbs stray light; no photo receptors |
| Neural region of neural tunic | has photoreceptors that detect light |
| Rods | - function in low intensity light - no color discrimination - high conc. around retinal periphery |
| Cones | - high intensity light - color discrimination - more increased conc. in fovea of macula lutea |
| Bipolar cells | link photoreceptors to ganglion cells |
| Ganglion cells | gc axons bundle and exit eye as optic disc (blind spot) |
| Horizontal cells | Increase or decrease communic, between photo receptors and bipolar cells |
| Amacrine cells | increase or decrease communic, between bipolar cells and ganglion cells |
| Posterior cavity | vitreous body (jelly) maintains shape back chamber |
| Anterior cavity | aqueous humor nourishes lens/cornea front cavity |
| Aqueous humor pathway | ciliary body makes humor-->goes around lens to give O2-->moves thru pupil out into ant. chamber and through scleral venous sinus |
| Lens accomodation | lens changes shape to focus on image regardless of distance; ciliary muscle controls suspensory ligaments |
| Ciliary muscle contraction | lens rounds=focus on nearby object; less tension |
| Ciliary muscle relaxation | lens flattens=focus on distant object; more tension |
| Image reversal | light from each portion of object is focused on a different part of the retina |
| Visual acuity | clarity of vision |
| Emmetropia | defined as detail seen at 20 ft by person with normal vision |
| What three things are involved in light absorption? | 1. rhodopsin 2. photoreception 3. bleaching |
| Rhodopsin | visual pigment absorbs light |
| Opsin | membrane spanning protein |
| Retinal | chromophore can maintain 11-cis or 11-trans shape |
| What happens with photoreception? | 1. photon strikes 11-cis retinal 2. 11-cis retinal is converted to 11-trans retinal 3. opsin activated which leads to events 4. info sent to CNS |
| What happens with bleaching? | - breakdown of retinal and opsin (seperation) - conversation of 11-trans to 11-cis retinal requires ATP |
| What happens during hearing and equilibrium? | hair cells respond to mechanical movements |
| External ear | collects/directs sound |
| Auricle | funnel channels sound |
| External acoustic canal | passage to tympanic membrane (eardrum) |
| Tympanic membrane | converts sound waves to mechanical movements |
| Middle ear | conducts sound to inner ear |
| Auditory (eustachian) tube | permits pressure equalization; needs to be able to vibrate |
| Auditory ossicles | bones transfer tympanic membrane movement to oval window (inner ear) |
| What bones are within the auditory ossicles? | maleus, incus, stapes |
| Inner ear | contains hair cells |
| Membranous labrynth | tubes/channels filled with endolymph |
| Bony labrynth | dense bone surrounds membranous labrynth |
| Vestibule | sense static equilibrum |
| Semicircular canals | sense dynamic equilibrium |
| Cochlea | sense sound |
| Semicircular ducts | tubes within semicircular canal; anterior/posterior/lateral sense rotation |
| Ampulla | enlargements at the end of each semicircular canal |
| Crista | raised floor with hair cells |
| Cupula | gel like structure "floats" in endolymph |
| Hair cells | contain stereo/kinocilia in cupula |
| Vestibule | between semicircular canals and cochlea endolymph filled sacs |
| Saccule | - within vestibule - smaller sac - corresponds to vertical head movements |
| Utricle | - within vestibule - larger sac - responds to forward/backward head movements |
| Maculae | - within vestibule - sensory receptors in saccule/utricle |
| Otolith | - within maculae - gel matrix + carbonate crystals (statoconia) |
| Hair cells within maculae | - contain stereocilia and kinocilia embedded in gel matrix |
| Vestibular duct | - within cochlea - perilymph filled tube - part of bony labrynth |
| Tympanic duct | - within cochlea - perilymph filled tube - part of bony labrynth |
| Cochlear duct | - within cochlea - endolymph filled tube between vestibular duct and tympanic duct |
| Organ of Corti | - within cochlear duct - contains hair cell receptor |
| Basilar membrane | - base of oc below hair cells |
| Tectorial membrane | - gel like roof overlies hair cells |
Created by:
madelineyork
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