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AP Euro Unit 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Dutch East India Company / Dutch VOC | joint-stock company established by the Dutch Republic in the Indies; first transnational corporation and most profitable corporation in history |
| joint stock company | a private company that raises money by selling shares to investors |
| British East India Company | competed against Portugal and the Dutch East India Company for presence and profit in the Indian Spice Trade in the Mughal Empire |
| Mughal Empire | Indian empire that, due to its decline, saw heavy British intervention for trade/buisness purposes |
| Navigation Acts | as the Dutch Republic rose as the premier maritime power, Britain established these acts to guarantee a monopoly for British merchants |
| Treaty of Utrecht (1713) | treaty that forced France to give up its Louisiana territory in North America to Britain |
| Acts of Union (1707) | unified England and Scotland into a new entity: the United Kingdom of Great Britain |
| Silesia | Austrian territory seized by Frederick the Great (Prussia), sparking the War of Austrian Succession |
| French and Indian War (1754-1763) | war between French (with the help of Native American forces) against the British for North American territory |
| Treaty of Paris (1763) | French-British treaty that ended the French and Indian War, ceding all of France's North American territory to Britain's colonies |
| American Revolution | colonists in British North America rebelled against the King and his heavy taxation, rallying for independence |
| Estates-General | representative body of France consisting of three estates: the clergy, the nobility, and everybody else |
| National Assembly | the third estate declared themselves the real representative body of France, renaming themselves this |
| Tennis Court Oath (1789) | the National Assembly meets at a tennis court and vows to not disband until a new French constitution is drafted |
| San Culottes | French rebel group that stormed the Bastille and was crushed by troops of Louis XIV |
| Bastille | infamous French prison; symbolized the tyranny of King Louis XIV |
| Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790) | National Assembly act that disbanded the Church's monastic orders, confiscated Church lands, and eliminated the tithe |
| tithe | the French Church's tax on peasants that the National Assembly abolished |
| October March on Versailles (1789) | thousands of French women marched to Versailles and demanded that Louis XIV and his wife relinquish the bread they were hoarding |
| Marquis de Lafayette (1757-1834) | French officer who saved Louis XIV from being killed in the October March on Versailles |
| Olympe de Gouges (1748-1793) | wrote "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen," articulating and fighting for the rights of French women |
| National Convention | in 1792 the National Assembly voted to dissolve itself and create a more permanent parliament called this; the Jacobins took control of this, leading the French Revolution into its radical phase |
| Jacobins | French political group that led the National Convention into the more radical phase of the French Revolution |
| Reign of Terror | the radical phase of the French Revolution in which dissidents to the revolution were killed by the Jacobin-majority National Convention |
| Maximillien de Robespierre | radicalized the French Revolution by executing people who disagreed |
| Committee of Public Safety | committee created by Robespierre that consisted of the largest European army to defend France from external threat |
| mass conscription | in 1793, the Committee of Public Safety asserted that all young men ages 18-25 were required to enlist |
| Jean-Jacques Dessaline | fought and defeated French colonists and declared Haiti a sovereign state in the Haitian Revolution |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | French military general who led a coup d'etat and established a Consulate with himself as First Consul |
| Napoleonic Code | code established by Napoleon in 1804 that reasserted key principles of the Revolution: equal rights, the protection of private property, and (to a degree) religious toleration |
| Concordat of Bologna (1801) | Napoleon rectified religious animosity in France by asserting that French Catholics could freely worship |
| Joseph Fouche | head officer of Napoleon's secret police who helped to sniff out conspiracy against the revolution |
| Continental System | across Europe, Napoleon forbid British ships from docking at French ports, aligning with the historical French-British rivalry |
| nationalism | a strong identification with one's own people and cultural heritage |
| Battle of Waterloo (1815) | Napoleon was defeated at his final attempt to unify all of Europe under himself in 1815 |
| Quadruple Alliance | Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain allied against Napoleon and congregated at the Congress of Vienna |
| conservatism | reliance on tradition and inherited structures |
| Klemens von Metternich | Austrian foreign minister who steered the Congress of Vienna in a conservative direction |
| Age of Metternich | 50 year period following the Congress of Vienna in which Europe was relatively peaceful |
| romanticism | acted as a balance to reason by emphasizing other means of knowing like intuition and imagination |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | typically seen as the forerunner of the Romantic movement, as he emphasized improvement of the self and society, and on subjectivity |
| Grimm Brothers | Romantic writers who compiled German fairy tales into one literary work |
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