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Jennie Liebermann
Physiology FINAL practice
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The normal reading or range of normal is called the: | set point. |
| Epidemiology is the study of the _____ of diseases in human populations. | occurrence distribution transmission All of the above are correct. |
| Which of the following may put one at risk for developing a given disease? | Environment Stress Lifestyle All of the above |
| The contraction of the uterus during the birth of a baby is an example of _____ feedback. | positive |
| Of the pathogenic organisms, which of the following are the most complex? | tapeworm>protozoa>bacteria>virus>prion |
| Positive-feedback control systems: | accelerate a change. |
| Negative-feedback control systems: | oppose a change. |
| Negative-feedback mechanisms: | minimize changes in blood glucose levels. maintain homeostasis. are responsible for an increased rate of sweating when air temperature is higher than body temperature. All of the above are correct. |
| The term that literally means self-immunity is: | autoimmunity. |
| Intrinsic control: | is sometimes called autoregulation. mechanisms operate at the tissue and organ levels. Sometimes also called local control or autoregulation, intrinsic mechanisms often make use of chemical signals |
| Which energy-releasing or energy-transferring molecule does not contain a nucleotide? | Creatine phosphate |
| A _____ is a functional group that is temporarily unattached and is highly reactive because of unpaired electrons. | free radical |
| The roles played by proteins can be divided into which categories? | Structural and functional |
| Which of the following is not one of the major groups of organic substances in the human body? | salt (protein, lipids, carbs) |
| The term glycoprotein, a combination of two words, tells you that the compound is made of _____, with _____ being the dominant component. | carbohydrate and protein; protein |
| The types of lipids found that form hormones, such as cortisone, estrogen, and testosterone are: | steroids. |
| Which of the following is not true of both triglycerides and phospholipids? | They both contain a hydrophobic and hydrophilic end. |
| Amino acids frequently become joined by: | peptide bonds. |
| Which lipid is part of vitamin D? | Steroids |
| Which of the following is not true of RNA? | Group of answer choices It contains ribose sugar. It contains adenine. It is composed of smaller molecules called nucleotides. All of the above are true of RNA. |
| Sometimes referred to as animal starch, _____ is the main polysaccharide in the body. | glycogen |
| Humans can synthesize 13 of 21 basic amino acids; the remaining 8, which must be included in the diet, are called: | essential amino acids. |
| Peptide bonds join together molecules of: | amino acids. |
| The formation of sucrose involves the removal of a molecule of water. This is called: | dehydration synthesis. |
| Unsaturated fats: | will kink or bend because of the double bonds between the carbon atoms. |
| Diffusion of particles through a membrane by means of a carrier molecule is called: | facilitated diffusion. |
| When the chromosomes align themselves across the equator of the spindle fibers, it is characteristic of which phase of mitosis? | Metaphase |
| The pairing of bases of a strand of DNA is obligatory. If a strand of DNA were composed of the base sequence of ATCG, what would be the obligatory sequence of its opposing base pairs? | TAGC |
| Transcription can be best described as the: | synthesis of mRNA |
| A saline solution that contains a higher concentration of salt than a red blood cell would be: | hypertonic. |
| Which is true about the sodium and potassium pump? | Three sodium ions are taken out of the cell. (2 K into cell) |
| Two solutions of different concentrations of glucose are separated by a membrane that allows both glucose and water to pass through. When dynamic equilibrium is reached, there will be: | an even exchange of material across the membrane. |
| Which of the following is not true of diffusion? | Uses cellular energy |
| The physical process by which water and solute move through a membrane when a hydrostatic pressure gradient exists across the membrane is the process of: | filtration. |
| Diffusion requires: | a concentration gradient |
| Extensive weight training causes the muscle cells to: | hypertrophy |
| NaCl would move through the cell membrane in which direction? | Both into and out of the cell |
| During which stage of mitosis do the centrioles move to the opposite poles of the cell? | Prophase |
| All of the following occur as a result of meiosis except: | chromosome number remains at 46. |
| Which of the following statements is true? | the site of transcription is within the nucleus, whereas the site of translation is in the cytoplasm |
| Mucous membranes are important because they lubricate and protect passageways. | true |
| Which type of tissue has the greatest capacity to regenerate? | Epithelial |
| Hematopoietic tissue can be found in the: | bones |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of connective tissue? | typically holds its cells together tightly by means of desmosomes |
| The hypodermis: | connects the dermis to underlying tissues. |
| Which cells electrically insulate axons to increase the speed of conduction? | Oligodendrocytes Schwann cells |
| A tissue is: | a group of similar cells that perform a common function. |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of muscle tissue? | Cells are separated by a large quantity of extracellular matrix |
| Which of the following is not a function of adipose tissue? | Defends the body from microbes and injurious substances ( Insulates to conserve body heat, Supports and protects the kidneys Stores excess food) |
| Which is not a function of epithelial tissue? | Assimilation ( Absorption Secretion Protection) |
| Which structures are unique to the fetal skull and provide additional space for molding the head shape as the baby passes through the birth canal? | fontanels |
| A condition that is caused by an abnormally increased roundness in the thoracic curvature is | kyphosis |
| Because of how the clavicle articulates with the scapula, all shoulder movements involve the sternoclavicular joint | True |
| In bone growth, the medullary cavity is enlarged because of the activity of: | osteoclasts. |
| Blood calcium levels involve secretion of which two hormones? | parathyroid and calcitonin |
| Appositional growth of cartilage occurs when chondrocytes begin to divide and secrete | additional matrix |
| The cells responsible for active erosion of bone minerals are called: | osteoclasts |
| Which of the following is not one of the primary functions performed by bones? | Hormonal production |
| 59 As the activity of osteoblasts increases, the: | level of calcium in the blood decreases amount of calcium in bone increases. and amount of calcium in bone increases. |
| The primary ossification center of a long bone is located: | in the diaphysis. |
| The humerus articulates proximally with the | scapula. |
| Small cells that synthesize and secrete a specialized organic matrix are | osteoblasts |
| 63 The cell organelles that synthesize organic matrix substances in bone formation are: | endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus |
| Hematopoiesis is carried out in the: | red bone marrow. |
| In the epiphyseal plate, the zone of hypertrophy is in the _____ layer. | third |
| Tilting the foot upward, decreasing the angle between the top of the foot and the front of the leg, is called: | dorsiflexion. |
| Which joint allows for a unique movement called opposition? | Saddle |
| Which of the following is an incorrect statement regarding heat production? | None all correct The body temperature set point is established by the hypothalamus. Shivering will increase body temperature. Body temperature functions on a negative-feedback mechanism. |
| Which of the following is not an end-product of the breakdown of ATP? | All are end-products of the breakdown of ATP.An inorganic phosphate Energy that can be used in muscle contraction ADP |
| Stretching the foot down and back and pointing the toe is called: | plantar flexion |
| Moving a part of the body forward is: | protraction |
| Thick myofilaments extend the length of the | A-band. |
| Which of the following is not one of the major functions of muscles? | Protection |
| The opposite of dorsiflexion is: | plantar flexion. |
| Which of the following statements about cardiac muscle is incorrect? | Cardiac muscle requires nervous stimulation to contract. |
| The knee joint is an example of a _____ joint. | hinge |
| The largest and most frequently injured joint is the: | knee |
| After it is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the calcium combines with which protein? | Troponin |
| Endurance training is also known as: | aerobic training |
| The lactate produced by anaerobic respiration is converted back to glucose in the: | liver. |
| Stimulus-gated channels open in response to: | sensory stimuli. |
| A synapse consists of: | a synaptic knob. a synaptic cleft. the plasma membrane of a postsynaptic neuron. |
| Which of the following is true of spatial summation? | Neurotransmitters released simultaneously from several presynaptic knobs converge on one postsynaptic neuron. |
| Dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine are classified as: | catecholamines. |
| The first event to occur when an adequate stimulus is applied to a neuron is: | some of the sodium channels at the point of stimulation open |
| A slight shift away from the resting membrane potentials in a specific region of the plasma membrane is called a _____ potential. | local |
| The only ion(s) that can diffuse across a neuron’s membrane when the neuron is at rest is (are): | K |
| Which of the following antidepressants acts by blocking the action of monoamine oxidase (MAO)? | Phenelzine |
| When current leaps across an insulating myelin sheath from node to node, the type of impulse conduction is called: | saltatory conduction. |
| Serotonin is an example of a(n): | amine neurotransmitter |
| No impulse can be sent through a neuron: | during the absolute refractory period |
| 92 Acetylcholine is in the same class of neurotransmitters as: | none of the above its |
| Which neuron could transmit a nerve impulse the fastest? | A large-diameter neuron with myelin |
| Which of the following statements about amino acid neurotransmitters is incorrect? | They are all inhibitory neurotransmitters. |
| Within the nervous system, coding for the strength of a stimulus is accomplished through: | the frequency of nerve impulses. |
| A child was frightened by a large dog. The pupils of the child’s eyes became dilated, and the heart and respiratory rates increased. These symptoms were caused by stimulation of: | the sympathetic nervous system. |
| Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus? | Regulation of motor activity |
| If the ventral nerve root of a spinal nerve were destroyed, a person would lose _____ related to that pathway. | willed movement |
| All of the following are examples of parasympathetic stimulation except: | increased heart rate. |
| Once inside the sympathetic chain ganglion, the preganglionic fiber may: | synapse with a sympathetic postganglionic neuron. send ascending and/or descending branches through the sympathetic trunk to synapse with postganglionic neurons in other chain ganglia. pass through one or more ganglia without synapsing. |
| Damage to the _____ nerve could make the diaphragm unable to function. | phrenic |
| Impulses from the _____ play a part in arousing or alerting the cerebrum | thalamus |
| If the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal nerve were destroyed, a person would lose _____ related to that pathway | sensory perception |
| 104 The parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions always act with a cooperative influence, and through summation of the impulses, the effect can be increased. | False |
| The cerebellum acts with the _____ to produce skilled movement. | cerebrum |
| Acetylcholine can stimulate _____ receptors. | nicotinic |
| Norepinephrine is liberated at: | most sympathetic postganglionic nerve endings. |
| Nerve impulses over the _____ nerve cause increased peristalsis and decreased heart rate. | vagus |
| Which of the following statements is not true? | the major function of the parasympathetic division is to serve as an "emergency" system. |
| Impulses sent over which of the following tracts could result in voluntary movement, especially of the hands, fingers, feet, and toes of the opposite side? | Lateral corticospinal |
| The type of cells that secrete ACTH are: | corticotrophs. |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of the endocrine system? | Chemical messenger travels a short distance. |
| Which is not true of the hormone somatostatin? | It stimulates the secretion of insulin. |
| Visceroceptors are located in which of the following? | Internal organs |
| In comparison with the nervous system, the regulatory effects of the endocrine system are: | slow to appear but long-lasting. |
| 116 Movement of hair cells in the organ of Corti against the _____ membrane can stimulate nerve impulse condition | tectorial |
| Dynamic equilibrium depends on the functioning of the | crista ampullaris |
| The clear and potassium-rich fluid that fills the labyrinth is | endolymph |
| The olfactory tract carries impulses associated with | smell |
| Which of the following is true about pain receptors? | Alpha fibers are associated with sharp, localized pain |
| When you are looking at a large green field, which cones would be sending the green wavelength to the brain? | M |
| The major hormone produced by the corpus luteum is: | progesterone |
| Which of the following statements is not true of the pineal gland? | Melatonin is stimulated by the presence of sunlight. |
| The sequence of auditory ossicles in the middle ear starting at the tympanic membrane and ending at the oval window is: | malleus, incus, and stapes. |
| The receptors responsible for sensing crude and persistent touch are the: | Ruffini corpuscles |
| Blood viscosity stems mainly from the red blood cells but also partly from the _____ in blood | protein molecules present |
| The vagus is said to act as a “brake” on the heart. This situation is called | vagal inhibition |
| Which of the following is(are) involved in determining a person’s total blood volume? | Age Body type Sex |
| Cardiac output is determined by | stroke volume and heart rate. |
| The difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure is called | pulse pressure |
| A decrease in the amount of white blood cells is called | leukopenia |
| All of the following are components critical to coagulation except | none all are important. ( prothrombin. thrombin. fibrinogen. fibrin. ) |
| In the extrinsic pathway of stage 1 of the clotting mechanism, chemicals released from damaged tissues trigger the cascade of events that ultimately result in the formation of | prothrombin activator |
| What is the functional significance of large areas of cardiac muscle being electrically coupled to form a single functional syncytium? | Because they form a syncytium, muscle cells can pass an action potential along a large area of the heart wall, stimulating contraction in each muscle fiber of the syncytium. |
| The term used to describe the collection of mechanisms that influence the circulation of blood is: | hemodynamics. |
| Antibodies are proteins of the family called | immunoglobulins. |
| Pyrogen molecules trigger the fever response by promoting the production of | prostaglandins |
| Which organ has several functions, including defense, hematopoiesis, red blood cell and platelet destruction, and blood reservoir? | spleen |
| Which of these substances operate(s) immune mechanisms? | all sebum mucus enzymes hydrochloric acid in gastric mucosa |
| During their residence in the thymus, pre-T cells develop into _____, cells that proliferate as rapidly as any in the body. | thymocytes |
| The body’s defense mechanisms can be organized into one of two major categories of immune mechanisms; these are | innate and adaptive immunity. |
| Bean-shaped structures located at certain intervals along the lymphatic system are | lymph nodes |
| Which of the following is a powerful poison that acts directly on any cell and quickly kills it? | lymphotoxin |
| The internal environment of the human body is protected by the _____, which is(are) referred to as the first line of defense. | skin |
| The _____ postulates that when an antigen enters the body, it selects the clone whose cells are committed to synthesizing its specific antibody and stimulates these cells to proliferate and to thereby produce more antibodies | clonal selection theory |
| 146 Each cortical nodule is composed of packed lymphocytes that surround a less dense area called a | germinal center. |
| Molecules formed by the reactions of the complement cascade assemble themselves on the enemy cell’s surface, which results in | cytolysis. |
| The presentation of an antigen by an antigen-presenting cell activates the T cell. The cell then divides repeatedly to form a clone of identical sensitized T cells that form | effector T cells and memory cells. |
| 149 The functions of the lymph nodes are | defense and hematopoiesis. |
| Which antibody is synthesized by immature B cells and then inserted into their plasma membranes? | immunoglobulin M |
| Dalton law states that the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases is _____ to the total pressure of the mixture. | directly related to the concentration of that gas in the mixture and |
| The term used to describe the volume of air exchanged during normal inspiration and expiration is: | tidal volume |
| Carbon dioxide is carried in three forms in the blood. Ranking them from greatest to least amount carried, the sequence would be: | bicarbonate ion, carbaminohemoglobin, and dissolved in plasma. |
| Which type of breathing is characterized by repeated sequences of deep gasps and apnea, and is usually seen in people with increased intracranial pressure? | Biot’s breathing |
| Excessive fluid in the pleural cavity would be most likely to cause: | decreased vital capacity |
| If the tidal volume of a given individual is 500 ml, then the anatomical dead space is approximately _____ ml. | approx 30% 150 ml |
| If a person were skiing high up in the mountains, she might feel that she is having trouble breathing (getting enough oxygen in her blood). This is because the: | lower atmospheric pressure lowers the PO2 and the diffusion gradient between the blood and the atmosphere is less. |
| Normal, quiet breathing is known as: | eupnea |
| By the time the blood leaves the lung capillaries to return to the heart, what percentage of the blood’s hemoglobin has united with oxygen? | 97% |
| Which of the following helps determine the amount of oxygen that diffuses into the blood each minute? | The total functional surface area of the respiratory membrane, Alveolar ventilation, The oxygen pressure gradient between alveolar air and incoming pulmonary blood: |
| Rotavirus can cause what life-threatening condition in infants? | Diarrhea |
| Glucose moves from the GI tract into the circulatory system by the process of: | cotransport |
| 163 Which blood vessel carries absorbed food from the GI tract to the liver? | Portal vein |
| When classified according to the kind of chemical reactions catalyzed, digestive enzymes are referred to as _____ enzymes. | hydrolyzing |
| The process of swallowing is known as: | deglutition. |
| Which phase(s) of gastric secretion is(are) stimulated by the sight, taste, and smell of food? | Cephalic phase |
| Which of the following is not true of enzymes? | They change chemically and are in the end products of the reaction. |
| The hormone that inhibits gastric muscle, slowing passage of food into the duodenum, is called: | gastric inhibitory peptide |
| The process of fat emulsification consists of: | breaking fats into small droplets. |
| The final product of carbohydrate digestion is a: | monosaccharide |
| Hydrolysis refers to: | using water to split larger compounds into smaller ones. |
| Cellulose is a residue of digestion that comes from: | carbohydrates |
| 173 The sodium cotransport or coupled transport acts to transport sodium ions and glucose molecules _____ the GI lumen. | passively out of |
| The major site for the absorption of the end products of digestion is the: | small intestine |
| Which of the following is a disaccharide | Sucrose |
| Which of the following pairs are almost identical when compared chemically? | Plasma and interstitial fluid |
| Ketone bodies are associated with cellular metabolism of: | fats |
| Which of the following ratios of base bicarbonate to carbonic acid will maintain a normal pH? | 20:1 |
| Which body location is not one that is usually impacted by edema? | Kidneys |
| 180 The pH of the blood is maintained at approximately: | 7.4 |
| The total fluid or water content of the human body ranges from _____ of its total weight. | 45% to 75% |
| If the blood pH decreases below normal, the kidney tubules secrete _____ urine. | more hydrogen ions from blood to |
| Cerebrospinal fluid is part of the _____ fluid. | extracellular |
| Which of the following is(are) classified as an acid-forming food? | proteins Meat Eggs Poultry All |
| If the pH of the blood were 7.23, it would be | slightly more acidic than normal. |
| When the adrenal cortex is stimulated to increase its secretion of aldosterone, the first thing that happens is a(n): | increase in the kidney tubule reabsorption of sodium |
| For the body to maintain an acid-base balance, which of the following is (are) necessary? | Buffering Respirations Urine secretion All |
| Which of the following is true of total body water? | Overweight people have lower water content per kilogram of body weight than slender people. |
| 189 Which of the following would be important in treating metabolic alkalosis? | Chloride ions |
| 190 Which of the following is not one of the seven basic solutions used for parenteral therapy? | Liquid protein |
| The hormone that causes the follicle to rupture and the egg to be expelled is: | luteinizing hormone (LH). |
| The increase in blood estrogens during the postmenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle produces all of the following changes in the uterus except: | decreased myometrial contractions. They increase. |
| What reproductive duct is divided into the head, body, and tail? | Epididymis |
| Which of the following statements is not true about the mechanism controlling lactation? | Prolactin stimulates the ejection of milk into the ducts of the mammary glands. its oxytocin |
| 195 Which of the following is not a function of the Sertoli cells? | They produce testosterone. . they are nurse cells |
| The main advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction is: | there is greater diversity in the offspring. |
| A high blood concentration of estrogens | stimulates epithelial cells of the endometrium to proliferate. |
| Which of the following is not a function of the ovary? | It produces follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). |
| Which of the following is a part of the supporting structures of the male reproductive system? | Scrotum |
| The major function of the reproductive system is propagation of the species. | True |
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