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AP Euro Unit 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| universities | the places where Greek scholarship was the foundation of academics thanks to Islamic scholars who had amended and preserved Aristotelian texts |
| natural philosophy | the subject that was the foundation for the Scientific Revolution and studied the natural world |
| printing press | invention that made it possible to circulate new findings about the natural world with great speed to a wide readership, spreading the Scientific Revolution |
| Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) | challenged the previously held geocentric worldview and put forth the heliocentric model of the universe, which put the sun at the center, and earth revolving around it |
| Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) | building on Copernicus' work, he used mathematics to establish 3 laws of planetary motion |
| Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) | Italian astronomer who used the telescope to prove that bodies in space were not just bright lights, but made of the same stuff earth is |
| Scientific Revolution (14th-15th centuries) | revolution in mathematics, science, and astronomical discoveries that challenged the established philosophical authority and scriptural authority |
| Isaac Newton (1643-1727) | combined Galileo's physics and Copernicus and Kepler's mathematics to discover gravity as the force which holds their structures of the universe together |
| Galen | ancient Greek who's Humoral Theory dominated the studies of anatomy and physiology prior to the Scientific Revolution |
| Humoral Theory | Galen's theory that the human body consisted of four humours; blood, yellow bile, black bile, and mucus), and that it was when these were out of balance that the body became sick |
| Paracelsus | Swiss physician who challenged Humoral Theory and proposed it was chemical imbalances that made the body sick, and that chemical remedies could help them |
| Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) | pioneered studies in anatomy by dissecting dead bodies and publishing his findings, debunking Humoral Theory completely |
| Francis Bacon (1561-1626) | put into practice empiricism, the use of inductive reasoning |
| empiricism | the pursuit of knowledge through inductive reasoning, understanding the world first by observing the smallest parts of it and then generalizing those findings to the largest parts |
| Rene Descartes (1596-1650) | put into practice deductive reasoning: doubting everything you reasonably can |
| deductive reasoning | Descartes figured out that it was necessary to doubt everything that could reasonably be doubted, and once you ran into something that was undoubtable, then you could build your reasoning upon that principle |
| alchemy | the scientific attempt to turn base metals into gold and silver |
| astrology | taught that the positions of planets and stars affected the outcome of human life |
| The Enlightenment | European intellectual movement in the 18th century that applied new methods of rational thinking and the scientific method to social and human institutions |
| rationalism | the Enlightenment belief that methods of science provided by Kepler, Newton, Galileo and others could be used to improve society; everything could and should be submitted to the process of reason |
| philosophes | French philosophers of the Enlightenment |
| Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) | French philosophe who concluded that separating power into different branches of government was the only way to avoid tyranny and encourage equality |
| Voltaire (1694-1778) | French philosophe who's entire repertoire criticized social and political institutions in France, noticing that in England where different religions allowed were competing, they could coexist |
| Denis Diderot (1713-1784) | catalogued the new Enlightenment worldview in a work called The Encyclopedia |
| salons | private meetings held in opulent houses where philosophes discussed ideas of the day |
| John Locke (1632-1704) | English philosopher who famously wrote that man has three rights: life, liberty, and property |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) | Genevan philosopher who endorsed direct democracy, in which every citizen had an equal responsibility to agree on laws that governed them |
| natural rights | Locke's idea that just by being born as a human being, people were born with rights a government should provide them |
| Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797) | wrote 'A Vindication on the Rights of Woman' argued that by nature women should have equal rights to men, and that women should be entitled to the same education as them |
| Adam Smith | Scottish economist who's work became the basis of concepts like free market and free trade |
| physiocrats | French economists who believed the government should not interfere in buisness/enterprise, adhering to Adam Smith's lassez-faire idea |
| deism | belief popularized by Voltaire that there was indeed a God, but that he was uninvolved in human affairs since creating the world; challenged the Church's focus on the miraculous intervention of God |
| skepticism | belief popularized by Scottish philosopher David Hume that all knowledge is received by sensory experiences, so our brains can really only experience the world through material reality |
| atheism | belief popularized by Diderot's Encyclopedia that no god exists |
| pietism | emergence of emotion in Christianity and the idea of the priesthood of all believers in Germany and Scandinavia |
| illegitimate child | a child born out of wedlock to a single mother |
| Little Ice Age (16th-19th centuries) | age in which harsher winters often ruined crop yields |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) | French philosophe who's idea of the social contract represented the increase in specialized education for children (more so in the upper classes) during this time |
| nuclear family | family setup of a wife, husband, and children (apart from their extended family) that emerged as ideal during the 18th century |
| urbanization | the migration of agricultural workers from the countryside to work in cities in the 18th century |
| tenements | hastily constructed apartment buildings which had rooms workers could rent for cheap prices; often overcrowded and unsanitary |
| Vagrancy Act (1822) | act passed in England that addressed the growing amounts of crime and prostitution that came alongside urbanization |
| Consumer Revolution (18th century) | having more disposable income than ever before in the 18th century, middle and upper class families skyrocketed the demand for items not necessarily that they needed, but that they wanted |
| boudoir | room specifically made for the wife of the house to be apart from her husband or entertain other women |
| coffeehouses | one of the rising places for leisure activities in the 18th century; unlike taverns, these were open to men of all classes, who often discussed the revolutionary ideas of the Enlightenment |
| Reading Revolution (18th century) | as literacy continued to spread thanks to the specialized education of children and abundance of printing materials, more and more people began to read; book topics shifted from mostly religious, to about science, law, and the arts |
| bourgeois | the middle class society who's culture focused on their materialistic values |
| Neoclassicism | art movement that prized simplicity and symmetry, especially in architecture |
| Robinson Crusoe (published 1719) | novel by Daniel Defoe about a man on a stranded island who saves himself without guidance from religious authority or Christian doctrines |
| Faust (published 1808) | play by Goethe about a man who sells his soul to the devil to attain secret knowledge and abundant wealth; the primary theme is the human search for meaning |
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