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meanings and rep
a-level aqa english language
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| context | Background influences on the text – who wrote it, when, why, life at the time and so on. |
| representation | How a person, place, idea is presented; this could be in terms of gender, politics etc. |
| text receiver | the person reading the text |
| text producer | the writer of the text |
| politeness | the awareness of others’ needs to be approved of and liked (positive politeness) and/or given freedom to express their own identity and choices (negative politeness). |
| face | the concept of how all communication relies on presenting a ‘face’ to listeners and audiences, and how face-threatening acts (the threat to either positive or negative face) and the management of positive and negative face needs contribute to interaction. |
| cooperative principle | in conversation: how interaction is generally based upon various kinds of cooperative behaviour between speakers |
| gender | stereotyping, feminism, toxic-masculinity, man-splaining, discrimination, prejudice, cis-gender, transgender, non-binary |
| equality | sexism, racism, ageism, class divisions, abuse of power, inequalities in the work place and community, corrupt organisations and governments, homelessness, increasing poverty, injustices, celebrity culture, crime |
| sexuality | Homosexual, heterosexual, bi-sexual, asexual, homophobia, discrimination, prejudice, struggle, identifying, |
| media bias | Advertising, persuasive, manipulate, control, determine, deception, authority, sway, leaning, positive, negative |
| industrial revolution | Pollution, deforestation, global warming, an increased carbon footprint, tourism, protection of landscapes, the need for renewable energy, over population, progress, invention, developing, movement, |
| age/generational gap | Sexism, racism, ageism, class divisions, inequalities, mental health, obesity, mobile technology, social media, the younger generation, miscommunication, marginalisation |
| politics | Left wing, right wing, government, satire, common law, activist, protest, trade union, labour, conservative, bias, manipulation, dominance, weakness, chief whip, spin doctor |
| advertising | Media, bias, perpetuating stereotypes, typecasting, motivation, manipulation, deception, powerless, powerful, control, dominance, authority, body shaming, trolling |
| pandemic/medicine | Infection, plague, antidote, cure, expert, advise, support, self-isolation, vaccine, fragile, fragility, defenceless, progress, development, infrastructure, profiteering, inequality, poverty, injustice |
| head word | he central word in a phrase which gives the phrase its name (e.g. noun phrase, adjective phrase, verb phrase) and may be modified by other words. |
| modification | the adding of additional words to provide more detail to a head word in a phrase either before it (pre-modification) or after it (post-modification). |
| clause | a group of words centred around a verb, which may be either grammatically complete (main clause) or incomplete (subordinate clause). |
| sentence function | the purpose a sentence fulfils in communication: as a statement, question, command or exclamation. These are also referred to in many grammar books as (respectively): declaratives, interrogatives, imperatives and exclamatives |
| active voice | a clause where the agent (doer) of an action is the subject. |
| passive voice | a clause where the patient (the entity affected by an action) is in the subject position, and the agent either follows or is left out. |
| subordination | the joining of two or more clauses where only one is independent (the main clause) and the others dependent (subordinate clause/clauses). |
| coordination | the joining of two or more independent clauses via co-ordinating conjunctions. Single words and longer phrases can also be co-ordinated. |
| semantic shift | he process of words changing meaning, including the following: narrowing, broadening, amelioration, pejoration, semantic reclamation |
| jargon | a technical vocabulary associated with a particular occupation or activity |
| synonym | words that have equivalent meanings. |
| antonym | words that have contrasting meanings |
| levels of formality | vocabulary styles including slang, colloquial, taboo, formal |
| accommodation | the ways that individuals adjust their speech patterns to match others |
| accent | a regional variety of speech that differs from other regional varieties in terms of pronunciation |
| phoneme | the basic unit of sound |
Created by:
emsteel
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