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CSD 413 Exam 2
Phonation
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Phonation | Production of voice through action of the vocal folds in relation to the air stream |
| Bernoulli Effect | Given a constant volume flow, there will be a decrease in pressure and increase in velocity |
| Biological Functions of Larynx | Protect the airway |
| Non-bio Functions of Larynx | Generating sound for speech |
| Structures of Larynx | Epiglottis, Hyoid Bone, Thyroid Cartilage, Cricoid Cartilage, Arytenoid Cartilages, Corniculate Cartilages |
| Thyroid Cartilage | Sits on cricoid; unpaired cartilage; largest of the laryngeal cartilages |
| Cricoid Cartilage | A complete ring; sits on top of trachea |
| Epiglottis | Leaflike cartilage; protective structure for swallowing; folds on top of itself |
| Paired Cartilages | Arytenoids, Corniculates, Cuneiform |
| Arytenoids | Provide posterior attachment for the vocal folds |
| Corniculate Cartilages | Tiny con shaped cartilages, ride on superior surface of each arytenoid, help with abduction |
| Cuneiform Cartilages | Provides stiffness to the folds, reside within the aryepiglottic folds |
| Hyoid Bone | Floating bone, U-shaped, only bone in laryngeal system, union between the tongue & laryngeal structures |
| Laryngeal Joints | Cricoarytenoid, Cricothyroid, Thyroepiglotic |
| Cricoarytenoid Joint | Rocks in & out for adduction/abduction; anterior/posterior gliding for tensing |
| Cricothyroid Joint | Round articular facets on cricoid, bound by synovial membrane & ligament |
| Thyroepiglotic | Opens & shuts the epiglottis |
| Laryngeal Membranes | Vocal Ligaments, Elastic Membrane, Quadrangular Membrane, Mucous Membranes |
| Vocal Folds | Five layers of tissue, deepest layer is muscle; as air passes between, these may be made to vibrate |
| Laryngectomy | Larynx is surgically removed; voicing source for speech is lost |
| Pyriform Sinus | Common sit for pharyngeal cancers; food not swallowed properly can get stuck here & increase chance of aspiration |
| Cavities of the Larynx | Aditus, Vestibule, Laryngeal Ventricle, Glottis, Conus Elasticus |
| Aditus | Entry of the entry to the larynx from the pharynx above |
| Vestibule | The space between the aditus & ventricular folds |
| Laryngeal Ventricle | 'False vocal folds'; we don't use these for phonation; made of mucous membrane & vestibular membrane |
| Conus Elasticus | Runs from the true vocal folds to the inferior border of the cricoid; name comes from cone-shaped cavity below vocal folds |
| Muscles of the Larynx | Intrinsic, Extrinsic, Supplemental (Suprahyoid, Infrahyoid) |
| Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles | These can only contract; muscles that have both origin & insertion on laryngeal cartilages |
| Intrinsic Muscles | Adductors, Abductors, Lengtheners/Tensors, Shortners/Relaxers |
| Auxiliary Intrinsic Muscles | Thyroepiglotticus, Superior Thyroarytenoid, Thyroarytenoid, Aryepiglottis |
| Adductor Muscles | Lateral Cricoarytenoid, Transverse Arytenoid, Oblique Arytenoid |
| Lateral Cricoarytenoid | Primary muscle of adduction; works in opposition to the posterior cricoarytenoid; inn: recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve, o: towards the anterior superior cricoid, ins: into the muscular process |
| Transverse Arytenoid | Closes the glottis, abducts the vocal folds; o: in the lateral margin posterior surface, ins: lateral margin of posterior surface of other arytenoid, inn: recurrent laryngeal branch |
| Oblique Interarytenoid | Attaches from apex of one arytenoid to bottom outside corner or other arytenoid; inn: recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus |
| Posterior Cricoarytenoid | The only abductor muscles; flat fish fin looking muscles; o: from center of back of lamina |
| Lengthener | Cricothyroid |
| Cricothyroid | 2 heads (pars recta, pars oblique); o: front of cricoid cartilage, inn: superior laryngeal branch of vagus nerve |
| Shorteners | Thyrovocalic, Thyromuscularis |
| Thyrovocalis | Passively: consistency of 'stiff rubber bands'; Active: contractile properties control stiffness |
| Thyrovocalis | Portion of vocal folds that vibrate; o: thyroid, ins: vocal process of arytenoid, inn: recurrent laryngeal branch |
| Thyroepiglottic | Helps dilate the laryngeal opening |
| Aryepiglottic Muscle | Helps deflect the epiglottis over the airway during swallowing |
| Hyoid & Laryngeal Elevators | Digastricus anterior and posterior, Stylohyoid, Mylohyoid, Geniohyoid, Genioglossus, Hypoglossus, Thyropharyngeus |
| Diagastric | 2 bellied (anterior, posterior); function: lift the hyoid, inn: mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve |
| Stylohyoid | O: styloid process, ins: angle of the corpus & the greater hyoid, inn: cranial nerve VII, function: draw hyoid up & back |
| Mylohyoid | Forms muscular floor of the mouth, thin sheet of muscle; o: mandibular line |
| Geniohyoid | Located above mylohyoid muscle; o: mylohyoid line of mandible, ins: anterior surface of hyoid bone, inn: cranial nerve XII & C1 spinal nerve, function: pulls hyoid up & forward |
| Genioglossus | Biggest tongue muscle & hyoid elevator; o: from chin & spreads to the under surface of tongue, function: elevate the hyoid & draw forward, depress, retract, & protrude the tongue |
| Hypoglossus | Attached to tongue & hyoid, pull tongue down & lift hyoid up; o: from greater horn to hyoid, ins: posterior & lateral regions of tongue, inn: cranial nerve XII |
| Thyropharyngeus | Connects the thyroid to the pharynx; elevates larynx; part of inferior pharyngeal constrictor |
| Hyoid & Laryngeal Depressors | Sternohyoid, Omohyoid, Sternothyroid, Thyrohyoid |
| Sternohyoid | O: on the sternum, specifically the manubrium, ins: inferior margin of the hyoid; when contracted, it depresses the hyoid |
| Omohyoid | 2 bellies (inferior, superior); depress the hyoid & larynx |
| Sternothyroid | O: at the manubrium of the sternum & first costal cartilage, ins: oblique line of the thyroid, purpose: depress the larynx & thyroid |
| Coughing | Forceful evacuation of the respiratory passageway; clears the larynx |
| Throat Clearing | Triggered with the Vagus & is done to help clear the throat of mucous |
| Abdominal Fixation | When all the muscles come into play to hold the torso in place |
| Swallowing | Food passes base of tongue, larynx elevates, epiglottis drops down, aryepiglottic folds close, vocal folds adduct |
| Sound | Audible disturbance in air |
| Simple Harmonic Motion | Vibratory motion that has one period of vibration |
| Frequency | Number of cycles per second |
| Period | Amount of time it takes to complete a cycle |
| Elasticity | Property of material that causes it to return to its original shape after displacement |
| Stiffness | Strength of force within a material to return to its original shape after distention |
| Innertia | Property that says a body in motion tends to stay in motion |
| Cycle | One point in a vibratory pattern to same point again |
| Hz | Scientific reading |
| Jitter | Difference in pitch; a cycle-by-cycle difference in vocal fold vibration |
| Shimmer | Difference in loudness |
| Simple Periodic | That sound characterized by a single frequency of vibration |
| Complex Periodic | Sound characterized by more than one frequency of vibration (we speak in these because we have harmony & multiple frequencies) |
| Aperiodic | Sound without an identifiable period of vibration (ex.: snap) |
| Mixed Periodic/Aperiodic | Sound wit both periodic & aperiodic elements (ex.: noise) |
| Types of Attack | Simultaneous Vocal Attack, Breathy Vocal Attack, Glottal Attack |
| Sustained Phonation | Vocal folds are held in a fixed position in the air stream through tonic contraction |
| Men Fundamental Frequency | 120-125 |
| Women Fundamental Frequency | 220-250 |
| Children Fundamental Frequency | 250-300 |
| Termination | When we abduct the vocal folds, move them out of the air stream |
| Attack | The start of phonation, when we adduct the vocal folds to move them into the air stream |
| Simultaneous Attack | When adduction & onset of respiration occur at the same tie, VF are moved in the same time as air flow starts (ex.: zipper) |
| Breathy Attack | Start of significant air flow before (ex.: harry) air flow starts before adduction (ex.: soup) |
| Glottal Attack | When vocal folds are closed prior to air flow (often hear this in sentences that start with vowels) |
| Optimal | Frequency of vibration that is most efficient for a pair of vocal folds; varies with gender & age |
| Habitual | The fundamental frequency that an individual uses; the frequency most often used by an individual |
| Range | Calculated as the difference between lowest & highest; can be affected by pathology & be increased with training |
| 3 Elements that Affect Pitch | Tension, length, mass |
| Increasing Pitch | Need to shorten the vocal folds which will thicken them & we need to relax them |
| 3 Major Vocal Registers | Modal Register/Phonation, Glottal Fry Register, Falsetto |
| Pressed & Breathy | 2 variations of modal register |
| Pressed Modal Phonation | Medial compression is significant, we have stronger, louder phonation with a harsh or strident quality |
| Glottal Fry Register | Crackly voice quality; can indicate illness; typically lower in pitch, vocalis is tense, makes vibrating margin flaccid & thick |
| Modal Register | First type; phonation we use daily, most important register we deal with |
| Falsetto | 3rd & final register; when the vocal sounds higher than normal, VF lengthened & very thin |
| Whisper Register | Not a mode of phonation because the VF aren't phonating; product of turbulence on edge of VF |
| Intensity | Amplitude; measure of power behind a sound; perceived as loudness |
| Stages of Cycle | Opening, Closing, Closed |
| Opening | Where the VF begin to open up, subglottal pressure builds from below until enough pressure to force VF apart, stay apart until enough air has escaped & no subglottal pressure to hold them apart |
| Closing | Where the VF are returning to the point of approximation; they're beginning to come back together |
| Closed | No air is escaping through the VF; folds are together until there's enough subglottal pressure to blow them apart again |
| Vertical Phase Difference | Folds open from the bottom, top is then drug along to open; folds close from the bottom, top is then drug along to close |
| Transverse Phase Difference | Folds open from posterior to anterior; close from anterior to posterior |
| Compliance | Ability to absorb the impact |
| Myoelastic-aerodynamic Theory | Theory says because muscles are elastic & the tissue of the larynx is soft, that is why we are able to get vocal fold vibration |
| The Titze Model |
Created by:
rianna.aasen
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