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CSD 413 Exam 3
Articulation & Resonance
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Moveable Articulators | Lips, tongue, velum (soft palate), mandible (jaw) |
| Non-Moveable Articulators | Hard palate, teeth, alveolar ridge |
| Cranium | Part of the skull that holds the brain |
| 2 Bones of the Skull | Cranium and Facial |
| Process | When a bone articulates with another bone |
| Unpaired Facial Bones | Vomer, mandible, hyoid |
| Paired Facial Bones | Lacrimals, nasals, zygomatics, maxillae, palatines, inferior nasal conchae |
| Mandible | Lower jaw of the face |
| Maxillae | Second largest face bone, upper jaw, forms the roof of the mouth, floor of nasal cavity, walls of nasal cavity, and a portion of eye socket |
| Nasal Bones | Small, paired, rectangular bones that articulate with frontal bone, maxilla, ethmoid bone, and septal cartilage |
| Palatine Bones | Connect & make the last third or quarter of the hard palate & a portion of the nasal cavity |
| Inferior Nasal Conchae | Small scroll-like bones on the lateral surface of the nasal cavity |
| Vomer | Inferior aspect of nasal septum, articulates with maxillae and palatine inferiorly, free in posterior aspect |
| Zygomatic Bones | Your cheek bones, also called the Malars or Jugals |
| Lacrimal Bones | Smallest and most fragile of the facial bones |
| Bones of Cranium | Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, and Temporal |
| Ethmoid Bone | Helps connect the face to the skull, sits between the orbital plates of the frontal bone |
| Sphenoid Bone | Has a hollow body that contains the sphenoid sinus & there are 3 projections |
| 1st Projection (Sphenoid Bone) | The lesser wing - possess the optic foramen, allows the 2nd cranial nerve to pass through |
| 2nd Projection (Sphenoid Bone) | Greater wing - assist in forming the posterior walls of each eye orbit |
| 3rd Projection (Sphenoid Bone) | Pterygoid Process - there are left & right processes that project downwards |
| Frontal Bone | Unpaired, what makes up the forehead, coronal suture, superior orbits |
| Parietal Bones | Articulate with each by the midsagittal suture, articulate with the frontal bone via the control suture |
| Occipital Bone | Unpaired and in the back, covers the occipital lobe |
| Temporal Bone | Lateral skull, 2 portions: squamous (flat, fan-like) & petrosal (rugged, thick) |
| Parts of Nose to Lips | Columella Nasi, Philtrum, Philtral Column, Cupid's Bow |
| Cupid's Bow | Natural rise and fall of the lip |
| Maxillary Arch & Mandibular Arch | 2 dental arches |
| Upper Arch | Used in speech, are the only teeth used for articulation |
| Dental Arches | Primary function is the mastication of food |
| 4 Types of Teeth | Incisors, Cuspids, Bicuspids, & Molars |
| Incisors | "Front teeth", designed for cutting |
| Cuspids | "Canines", used for tearing |
| Bicuspids | "Premolars", designed for cutting as well |
| Molars | Large teeth designed for grinding and polarizing |
| Parts of Teeth | Root, Crowns, Neck, Pulp, & Cementum |
| Root | Below the surface of the gum line |
| Crowns | Visible 1/3 of the tooth |
| Neck | Juncture of crown & root |
| Enamel | Exposed surface of the teeth are covered in this |
| Cementum | Thin layer of bone that holds the tooth in place |
| Buccal Surface | Surface in contact with cheek |
| Lingual Surface | Part facing the tongue |
| Labial Surface | Surface in contact with the lips |
| Occlusal Surface | Contact surface between teeth of the upper & lower arches |
| Medial Surface | Surface closest to the midline point on arch between central incisors |
| Distal Surface | Surface of the tooth farthest from that midline point |
| Deciduous Teeth | "Milk teeth" or "baby teeth", kids lose these in the same order they came in |
| Central Incisors | Emerge first, upper dental arch present a large, spade-like surface with a thin cutting surface |
| First Molars | Largest of the group, grinding and chewing teeth |
| Second Molars | Emerge around the time of the child's second birthday |
| Permanent Teeth | Last a lifetime, by the time a kid is 12 or 13 they normally have these |
| Supernumerary | "Extra teeth", may or may not erupt |
| Occlusion | Term for closing |
| Dental Occlusion | Process of bringing the upper & lower teeth into contact |
| Proper Occlusion | Process of bringing the upper & lower teeth into alignment |
| Class I Occlusion | Normal orientation of mandible and maxillae |
| Malocclusion II | Refers to a relatively retracted mandible |
| Malocclusion III | Refers to a relatively protruded mandible |
| Persistent Open Bite | Where molars come together but front teeth won't |
| Persistent Closed Bite | The front teeth come together but the back teeth are open |
| Torsiversion | Tooth is rotated/twisted |
| Labioversion | Tooth twists towards the lips |
| Linguaversion | Tooth twists towards the tongue |
| Distoversion | Tooth tilts away from midline of dental arch |
| Mesioversion | Tooth tilts towards the midline of dental arch |
| Infraverted | Tooth is inadequately erupted |
| Supraverted Teeth | Tooth protudes excessively into the oral cavity causing inadequate occlusion of other dentition |
| Oral Cavity | Extends from the oral opening (mouth) in front to the faucial pillars in back, strongly involved in articulation |
| Structures of Oral Cavity | Tongue, Dental Arches, Hard Palate, & Velum |
| Tongue | Occupies most of the lower mouth |
| Hard Palate | Roof of the mouth, serves as hard surface for bolus manipulation or for generating negative pressure in sucking |
| Velum | Soft part of the roof of the mouth, part of the velopharyngeal sphincter |
| Median Raphe | Divides the hard palate into 2 equal halves |
| Rugae | Prominent ridges running laterally |
| Muscles of the Velum | Tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini, palatoglossus, palatopharyngeus, & uvularis |
| Velophrayngeal Sphincter | Seals off the nasopharynx during sucking and swallowing |
| Uvula | Terminus (end) of the velum |
| Faucial Pillars | 2 prominent bands of tissue on either side of velum, 2 sets: anterior & posterior |
| Palatine Tonsils | Between anterior & posterior faucial pillars, masses of lymphoid tissue & invade the lateral undersurface of velum |
| Buccal Cavity | Composed of space between posterior teeth & cheeks of the face, lies lateral to oral cavity |
| Pharyngeal Cavity (Pharynx) | Shape altered by pharyngeal constrictor muscles, laryngeal elevation & depression |
| Types of Pharyngeal Cavities | Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx, & Nasopharynx |
| Oropharynx | Portion of the pharynx immediately posterior of the fauces, bounded above by the velum |
| Laryngopharynx | Bounded anteriorly by the epiglottis & inferiorly by the esophagus |
| Nasopharynx | Space above the velum, bounded posteriorly by the pharyngeal protuberance of the occipital bone & nasal conchae in front |
| Velopharyngeal Port | Opening between the opharynx & the nasopharynx |
| Nasal Cavities | Warms & humidifies the air to protect the lungs |
| Auditory Tube | Courses lateral, back, & up to middle ear |
| 3 Important Structures of Articulatory System | Lips, Tongue, & Velum |
| Orbicularis Oris | Function: constrict oral opening Course: laterally within lips |
| Orbicularis Oris | Origin: corner of the lips Insertion: opposite corner of lips Innervation: VII facial nerve |
| Risourius | Function: retract lips at the corner Course: forward |
| Risourius | Origin: posterior region of the face along the facia of the masseter Insertion: orbicularis oris at the corners of mouth Innervation: buccal branch of the VII facial nerve |
| Buccinator | Function: moves food onto grinding surfaces of the molars; constricts oropharynx Course: forward |
| Buccinator | Origin: pterygomandibular ligament Insertion: orbicularis oris at the corners of mouth Innervation: buccal branch of the VII facial nerve |
| Levator Labii Superioris | Function: elevates the upper lip Course: down & in to the upper lip |
| Levator Labii Superioris | Origin: infraorbital margin of the maxilla Insertion: mid-lateral region of the upper lip Innervation: buccal branch of the VII facial nerve |
| Zygomatic Minor | Function: elevates the upper lip Course: downward |
| Zygomatic Minor | Origin: facial surface of the zygomatic bone Insertion: mid-lateral region of upper lip Innervation: buccal branches of VII facial nerve |
| Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi | Function: elevates upper lip Course: vertically along the lateral margin of the nose |
| Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi | Origin: frontal process of maxilla Insertion: mid-lateral region of the upper lip Innervation: buccal branches of the VII facial nerve |
| Levator Anguli Oris | Function: draws corner of mouth up & medially |
| Levator Anguli Oris | Origin: canine fossa of maxilla Insertion: corners of upper & lower lips Innervation: superior buccal branches of VII facial nerve |
| Zygomatic Major | Function: elevates & retracts the angle of mouth Origin: lateral to the zygomatic minor on zygomatic bone Insertion: corner of the orbicularis oris Innervation: buccal branches of VII facial nerve |
| Depressor Labii Inferioris | Function: dilates the orifice by pulling the lips down & out |
| Depressor Labii Inferioris | Origin: lateral margins of the mandible on the oblique line Insertion: orbicularis oris & upper lip corner Innervation: mandibular branch of the VII facial nerve |
| Depressor Anguli Oris | Function: depresses corners of mouth & helps compress the upper lip against the lower lip |
| Depressor Anguli Oris | Origin: lateral margins of the mandible on the oblique line Insertion: orbicularis oris & upper lip corner Innervation: mandibular branch of VII facial nerve |
| Mentalis Muscle | Function: elevates & wrinkles the chin & pulls the lower lip out |
| Mentalis Muscle | Origin: region of the incisive fossa of mandible Insertion: skin of the chin below Innervation: mandibular marginal branch of the VII facial nerve |
| Platysma | Function: depresses the mandible, origin: fascia overlaying pectoralis major & deltoid Insertion: corner of the mouth, region below symphysis menti, lower margin of mandible, & skin near masseter Innervation: cervical branch of the VII facial nerve |
| Median Fibrous Septum | Divides the tongue longitudinally |
| Tongue | Involved in mastication & deglutition |
| Production of Speech | Requires an integrated sequence of events |
| Size of Vocal Tract | Approx. 6-8cm at birth & grows to be 8-10cm |
| Growth of Vocal Tract | Rapid growth until about 4 years, stabilizes until puberty |
| Development of Mandible | 60-80% growth by the time they're 7yo |
| Female Pharynx | Smaller in adulthood |
| Pharynx Growth | Shows similar growth to the vocal tract |
| Lower Lip | Stronger, faster than upper, does bulk of work in lip closure, can accommodate a variety of jaw positions |
| Role of Mandible | Important for speech mainly because tongue is attached to it, plays major role in mastication & swallowing |
| Muscles of Mastication | Master, Temporalis, Lateral Pterygoid, Medial Pterygoid |
| Protrusion of Tongue | Requires retraction of the posterior genioglossus |
| Elevation of Tongue | Requires depression anterior genioglossus |
| Depression of Tongue | Requires anterior & posterior contraction |
| Cephalocaudal | Head & neck control comes before lower extremities & body |
| Proximodistal | Gain trunk control before going outwards (e.g., limbs) |
| 4 elements vital for speech control/development in children | Gravity, Flexor-Extensor Balance, Trunk Control, Differentiation |
| Apraxia | Inconsistent, vowel error |
| Dysarthria | Weak muscles that make a weak speech |
Created by:
rianna.aasen
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