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Musculoskeletal Sys
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 4-6 seconds | initial available stores of ATP are depleted in ___________ |
| abduction | the motion of moving your arms/legs/fingers AWAY from one's body |
| adduction | the motion of moving your arms/legs/fingers TOWARDS the midline of one's body |
| aerobic | Respiration that requires oxygen - as long as oxygen & food are present, this reaction produces unlimited amounts of ATP |
| anaerobic | energy production that does not require oxygen - also known as fermentation - produces considerably less ATP than aerobic respiration - produces lactic acid as a byproduct |
| antagonist | muscle within a group of muscles that opposes the primary movement; ie. When bending the elbow, the triceps brachii opposes the biceps' movement by doing the opposite of bending; straightening. |
| appendicular | Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton |
| ATP | (adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work; food is converted into this energy so our bodies can use it as fuel |
| axial | Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column |
| ball and socket | synovial joint containing a bone with a spherical head that fits into a round socket in another bone; i.e. shoulder & hip |
| bone remodeling | 4th (last) step in healing a broken bone: osteoclasts & osteoblasts reshape the bony callus formation |
| bony callus | 3rd step in healing a broken bone: osteoblasts fill spongy bone with osteoid to create compact bone patch |
| cartilaginous | a joint with limited movement where the bones are connected with cartilage |
| circumduction | the circular movement at the distal end of a limb |
| comminuted | type of fracture where bone breaks into many fragments |
| compact bone | hard, dense osseous tissue that looks smooth & homogeneous |
| compound | type of fracture in which the broken bone penetrates the skin and is exposed to the outside of the body; also called open fracture |
| compression | type of impact fracture that occurs (usually in short or irregular bones) when the bone is pressed together (compressed) on itself |
| condyloid | synovial joint containing a bone with an oval-shaped projection that fits into hollow oval cavity; allows for all movement except rotation |
| Creatine phosphate | a naturally occurring chemical in the body that functions by storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to re-synthesize ATP as needed. You have about 20 seconds worth of this stored molecule. |
| dorsiflexion | bending of the foot or the toes upward |
| epiphyseal plate | growth plate; visible line or scar indicates that bone finished growing/lengthening |
| Everted | foot turned outward so you can see the outside/ side of ankle- causes a knock-kneed walking stance |
| extension | straightening at the joint so that the angle between the bones is increased |
| fiber | a muscle cell |
| fibrocartilage callus | 2nd step in healing a broken bone: connective tissue forms scaffolding to close the gap |
| fibrous | a joint that connect bones without allowing any movement (like sutures & syndesmoses joints) |
| fixator | muscle within a group of muscles that stabilizes, or braces the joint so the motion is steadied; ie. The deltoid muscle fixes the shoulder so the motion of flexing the arm at the elbow can be accomplished. |
| flat | A type of bone with a thin flattened shape. Examples include the scapula, ribs, and pelvic bones. |
| flexion | decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint |
| greenstick | a slight fracture in a bone that appears as a slight fissure or hairline in an x-ray; usually the simplest type of fracture to reset and splint; often seen in children due to high cartilage matrix of the bones |
| hematoma | 1st step in healing a broken bone: an elevated, localized collection of blood trapped under the skin that usually results from trauma |
| hinge | synovial joint between bones (as at the elbow, knee, or finger) that permits forward and back swinging motion in only one plane |
| hyperextension | the extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit |
| impacted | fracture (usually seen in long bones) where broken bone ends are forced into each other |
| inverted | foot turned inward so you can see the inside / arch - causes a bowl-legged walking stance |
| irregular | Bones with complicated shapes (e.x., vertebrae and hip bones) |
| joint | A place in the body where two bones come together |
| lactic acid | product of fermentation - cause of soreness and muscle fatigue |
| ligaments | fibrous bands that connect bones and bones/cartilages |
| long | bones that are longer than they are wide with heads at each end |
| muscle tone | a state of sustained partial muscular contraction |
| opposition | Movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips |
| osteoblasts | bone building cells that build and fill bone with osteoid during bone modeling |
| osteoclasts | large bone cells that resorb or break down bone matrix during bone modeling |
| photosynthesis | opposite of aerobic respiration |
| pivot | joint that allows a bone to rotate around an axis; i.e. connection between radius and ulna |
| plane | joint that allows only short slipping or gliding movements; i.e. carpals |
| plantarflexion | to point the toes down |
| prime mover | muscle within a group of muscles that accomplishes the primary movement; ie. When bending the elbow, the biceps brachii accomplishes most of the arm's movement. |
| pronation | movement that turns the palm down |
| rotation | circular movement around an axis |
| saddle | type of synovial joint found at the base of each thumb; allows grasping and rotation |
| short | bones with a square-like shape; mostly spongy bone; ex, carpals and tarsals |
| simple | type of fracture where the bone does not penetrate the skin; also called closed |
| skeletal physiology | functions of the skeletal system include: support, mineral storage; hematopoiesis; protection; some movement due to muscle attachment sites |
| spiral | a fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart |
| spongy bone | less dense osseous tissue composed of small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space |
| supination | movement that turns the palm up |
| synergist | a muscle that works with and assists the action of a prime mover; ie. The brachialis is the synergist of the biceps brachii. |
| synovial | freely movable joint containing a cavity filled with synovial fluid |
| tendons | fibrous bands that connect bones to muscles |
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