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Science Topic 7

Genes and Heredity

TermDefinition
Heredity Passing traits from parents to offspring
Dominant Allele An allele whose trait always shows up in the classification of organisms
Recessive Allele An allele that is hidden whenever the dominant allele is present
Probability A number that describes how likely it is that a particular event will occur
Genotype An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations
Phenotype An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits
Chromosome A threadlike structure within a cell's nucleus that contains DNA that is passed from one generation to the next
Cell Cycle The series of events of which a cell grows prepares for division, and divides into two daughter cells
Pedigree A tool that geneticists use to map out the inheritance of traits
Meiosis The process that occurs in the formation sex cells (sperm and egg) by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half
Chromatids The structure formed when a chromosome divides during meiosis
Mitosis The second stage of the cell cycle during which the cell's nucleus divides into two new nuclei and one set of DNA is distributed into each daughter cell
DNA The genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed from the parent to the offspring
Protein Synthesis The process of which amino acids link together to form proteins
Messenger RNA Type of RNA that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to ribosomes in the cytoplasm
Transfer RNA Type of RNA in the cytoplasm that carries and amino acid to the ribosome during protein synthesis
Variation Any difference between individuals of the same species
Sex Chromosomes The pair of chromosomes carrying genes that determine whether a person is biologically male or female
Autosomal Chromosomes The 22 pairs of chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes
Mutation Any change in the DNA of a gene or a chromosome
Sex-linked Genes A gene carried on a sex chromosome
Artificial Selection The process of which humans breed only those organisms with the desired traits to produce the next generation; selective breeding
Genetic Engineering The transfer of the DNA from one organism into another organism in order to get the desired traits
Gene Therapy The process of replacing an absent or faulty gene with a normal working gene to treat a disease or medical disorder
Clone An organism that is genetically identical to the organism from which it was produced
Genome The complete set of genetic information that an organism carries in its DNA
Created by: Zidou14
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