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AP Euro Unit 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| divine right of kings | belief that just as God had granted spiritual authority to the Church, he also granted political authority to the king |
| King Charles I (r. 1625-1649) | English king who's devout belief in his own divine right as king clashed with the interests of Parliament, specifically the House of Commons |
| Personal Rule (1629-1640) | period of Charles I's rule in which he refrained from calling Parliament, ruling based on his interests alone |
| Short Parliament (1640) | short Parliament session called by Charles I regarding funding to squash an uprising in Scotland; when Parliament disagreed with him, Charles I dismissed the session |
| Long Parliament (1640-1660) | |
| Puritans | group of English clergy who wanted to purify the Anglican Church of its Catholic influence |
| English Civil War (1642-1652) | war between King Charles I and Parliament over whether England would be ruled by an absolute monarch or constitutional monarchy |
| New Model Army | army created by Parliament based in the south of England to fight King Charles I's army based in the north |
| Oliver Cromwell | English Parliamentarian who led the New Model Army to defeat King Charles I and eliminated all who disagreed with him from Parliament |
| Rump Parliament (1648-1653) | Parliament established when Cromwell expelled members who disagreed with him (140), and unanimously voted to execute Charles I) |
| The Protectorate (1653-1659) | England ruled under Oliver Cromwell; on paper held features of a republic; in reality, was a military dictatorship |
| Restoration Period (1660-1685) | after Cromwell's dictatorship, people wanted to return to their constitutional monarchy, restoring Charles II to the throne |
| King Charles II (r. 1660-1685) | restored to the monarchy after Cromwell; schemed with France and didn't work well with Parliament |
| King James II (r. 1685- 1688) | English king who appointed Catholics to Parliament positions, frustrating other Parliament members |
| Mary of Orange | King James II's daughter given the English throne by frustrated Parliament members in 1689 |
| Glorious Revolution (1688) | the peaceful change of power from James II to his daughter, Mary of Orange, because there was no bloodshed |
| Agricultural Revolution (17th-18th centuries) | period of progress in farming & agricultural techniques in Britain and the Dutch Republic that increased food production across Europe and led to rise of the cottage industry |
| cottage industry / putting-out system | system in which large manufacturers sent raw materials to workers homes, who made the product and sent it back to the manufacturer to sell |
| money economy | economy in which money replaced barter in the exchange of goods |
| market economy | economy in which production and prices are determined strictly by competition between privately owned buisnesses |
| The Wealth of Nations (1776) | published in 1776, this book by Adam Smith criticized mercantilism and argued for an unregulated market governed by the forces of supply and demand |
| how did the rise of insurance affect entrepeneurs? | with this kind of security, entrepreneurs gained confidence to invest large sums of money into new factories and goods to sell |
| mercantilism | a state-controlled economic system which emphasizes the buildup of mineral wealth by means of a favorable balance of trade |
| Navigation Acts (1651 & 1660) | acts that mandated that goods shipped from Europe to Britain were required to be carried on British ships |
| why did consumer culture rise? | a) new products introduced to Europe from Americas b) rise of middle class that could afford these products |
| Eighty Years' War (1568-1648) | beginning with the Dutch Revolt, an eighty year war between the Dutch Republic and |
| stadtholder | executives in the Dutch Republic elected by estates who performed ceremonial duties and were responsible for military defense |
| States' General | the federal government of the Dutch Republic; mostly handled foreign policy and war |
| Dutch Golden Age | period in the 1500s and 1600s in which Dutch trading, science, art, and colonization were among the most prominent in Europe, and the Dutch Republic had the highest standard of living on the continent |
| Balance of Power | states during this period largely operated under the principle of self-interest, and the main goal was to ensure every state held the same amount of power so that no one could dominate the rest |
| diplomacy | when states come to an agreement instead of going to war |
| Partition of Poland (1772) | the idea of maintaining the balance of power sealed Poland's fate and wiped it off the map for 150 years |
| Catherine II / Catherine the Great (r. 1762-1796) | empress of Russia who tightened serfdom and attempted to make Enlightened legal reforms to the Russian government |
| Joseph II (r. 1765-1790) | Austrian & Holy Roman emperor who granted religious tolerance and extended education to children |
| Frederick II / Frederick the Great (r. 1740-1786) | emperor of Prussia who partitioned Poland and ensured that nobles dominated both the army offices and civil bureaucracy |
| Battle of Vienna (1683 ) | Ottomans' attempted invasion of Vienna (wanted to expand into central Europe); Austrian Hapsburgs, Poland, and the Holy Roman Empire unified to defeat them |
| King Louis XIV (r. 1643-1715) | king who constantly went to war to support his interests: to expand French territory, weaken Habsburg influence, & increase his own glory |
| Dutch War (1672) | Louis XIV's war against the Dutch to gain territory in the Spanish Netherlands and weaken Habsburgs |
| Nine Years War (1688-1697) | Louis XIV's war into the Holy Roman Empire to weaken Habsburg power in central Europe |
| Grand Alliance (est. 1689) | alliance against Louis XIV's relentless expansionism consisting of the Habsburgs in the Holy Roman Empire, Dutch Republic, England, Spain, Sweden, and Portugal |
| War of Spanish Succession (1701-1713) | discovering that Louis XIV was related to the Spanish king and fearing the merging of the French and Spanish dynasties (upsetting balance of power), |
| Treaty of Utrecht (1713) | ended the war of Spanish Succession; stipulated that France and Spain must remain separate entities |
| Gustavus Adolphus (r. 1611-1631) | Swedish military genius during the balance of power period who created army rankings |
| absolutism | the process by which political power was transferred away from the nobility and Church and rerouted to the monarch |
| King Phillip II (r. 1556-1598) | Spanish king who united the Iberian Peninsula and repulsed Ottomans in the Mediterranean; failed to squander rebellion in the Spanish Netherlands |
| King Louis XIV | French king who is the symbol of absolutism; "I am the state" |
| Intendant system | Louis XIV sent bureaucratic agents called intendants who acted as avatars of Louis himself, this insured everyone followed Louis' policies; |
| Palace of Versailles | Louis XIV's grand estate that he required his officials to stay in so he could watch their behavior; |
| Huguenots | French Calvinists who made up an increasingly significant population in France |
| Revokation of the Edict of Nantes (1685) | Louis XIV removes government protection for French Huguenots, and thousands flee to more tolerant states, robbing France of a part of their merchant class |
| Jean Baptiste Colbert (served 1661-1683) | Louis XIV's finance minister who used mercantilist policies to reduce French debt, invigorate domestic industries, and create a favorable balance of trade |
| Peter the Great (r. 1672-1725) | absolutist tsar who westernized and modernized Russia by creating a ranked nobility and reorganized the Russian Orthodox Church by eliminating Patriarch and replacing it with the Holy Synod |
| The Holy Synod | Peter the Great's council that he populated with officials and ministers who would do his bidding; helped Peter amass power under himself as tsar |
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