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CLST103: Midterm 2
Intro to Roman Civilization Weeks 5-8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Rumours about Christians | there were tumours that christians were incestuous and cannibalistic because of how closed off they were |
| Pliny the Younger's Letter | he sent a letter to trajan asking if he should be harsh in his judgement of christians and he is told he should be |
| Nero's Persecutions | he blamed the christians for the burning of rome and he ordered excecutions |
| Obelisks | they were common in rome, they were symbols in egypt but where very popular |
| Peter the Apostle | an apostle who was martyred by nero during the first organized persecutions against them |
| Antioch/Antakya | the capital of syria, today in turkey and was recently devastated by an earthquake |
| The Arch of Titus | commemorates titus' victory over the jews who rebelled |
| Christos | the anointed one; how jesus was recognized by hi followers |
| Pontious Pilate/Pilatus | the roman governor who ordered jesus be killed around 30 CE |
| Quo Vadis | means "where are you going", and is a movie that tells the story of the persecution of christians |
| Jewish Allowances by the State | they were the only nation exempt from the imperial cult bc they had allied with rome voluntarily |
| Caesar Divi Filius | the imperial cult; means "son of the divine caesar" and what octavian called himself |
| Zoroaster | a persian teacher and prophet whose teaching was used in mithraism |
| Gauls/Celts' Religion | syncretism; creating mars camulus and apollo belenus for their religion |
| The Cult of Isis | an egyptian cult that was introduced into rome |
| Mithraism | a parthian and persian religion based around mithras, a god of light/truth/good; it became very populat among roman soldiers who served in the east |
| Deus/Dea | god/goddess |
| Divus | what they called julius caesar when they deified him; chose a word similar to "god" but not exact |
| Grationopolis | now called grenoble; named after gratianus who was the first emperor to refuse the title |
| Pontifices | the most important college of priests, there were originally 3 but eventually had 15; the prof thinks that the name comes from 5 and bridge making; they maintained calender and national records |
| Pontifex Maximus | the chief pontifex; chairman of the pontifical board |
| Pontifex Maximus and Emperors | julius was the first to hold it and all emperors had it, gratianus was the first to refuse the title |
| Vestal Virgins | the most important college of women priests, chosen from noble families before they reached puberty and served for at least 30 years; they tended to the state fireplace and worshoped the goddess vesta |
| The Sibyl/Sibylline Books | a prophetess from cumae and the books that she wrote and gave to the state of her prophecies |
| Quidecimviri Sacris Fanciundis | means board of 15 men; they were in charge of interpretting the sibylline books |
| Flaminica | the wives of the flamens |
| Pax Romana | the roman peace; often people were more specific and called it smth like "pax augusta" or augustian peace |
| Ara Pacis | the altar of (augustian) peace |
| Apex | a hate with a cone on top; flamens wore them and if they fell off they were obligated to step down |
| Pontifical Board | included the pontifices, flamines, rex sancrorum, vestal virgins; they met in time of crisis to determine what religious actions to take |
| Flamines | the college of priests whose duty was the serve a specific deity; there were 15 total |
| Flamen Dialis | the flamen of jupiter |
| Flamen Martialis | the flamen of mars |
| Flamen Quirinalis | the flamen of quirinus; he's thought to be the sabine god of war |
| Haruspices | similar to augurs, they interpreted entrails of sacrificed animals |
| Aves | means birds; augur likely comes from it because they read the signs from birds |
| Auspicium | the practice of reading the signs from birds and interpretting |
| Publius Claudius Pulcher | a roman naval commander; famous for ignoring the augury of chickens |
| Augurs | a college of priests who interpreted natural phenomena; seems to be an etruscan word |
| Trabea | shorter than a toga and partially purple; worn by augurs |
| Littus | a curved wand; worn by augurs |
| Regina | the wife of the rex sacrorum |
| Rex Sacrorum | king of sacred rites; seems like his role was to take over the religious responsibilities of the king during the republic |
| Hercules | was taken wholesale into the roman religion but his name was slightly changed |
| Apollo | was taken wholesale into the roman religion |
| Pluto | hades; sometimes called dis or dispater; not an olympian |
| Liber | bacchus/dionysus |
| Vesta | hestia |
| Mercury | hermes |
| Ceres | demeter |
| Neptunes | poseidon |
| Vulcan | hephastos |
| Venus | aphrodite |
| Mars | ares; mars was probably a spirit that protected the land but got associated with ares and war bc many battles were about land |
| Diana | artemis |
| Minerva | athena |
| Juno (goddess) | hera |
| Juno Lucina | lucina means light; goddess of childbirth |
| Juno Moneta | juno the warner because |
| Jupiter/Iuppiter | zeus; the chief sky god |
| Jupiter Elicius | zeus; the rain god |
| Jupiter Stator | zeus; who sustains a roman army |
| Spolia Opima | the richest spoils; the trophies or weapons won by a roman commander who defeated and stripped an enemy leader |
| Jupiter Feretrius | the spolia opima were offered up to him; he was rarely uses |
| Jupiter Optimus Maximus | jupiter the best the greatest; also called jupiter capitolinus; also called IOM |
| Genius | the protecting spirit of a boy |
| Juno (spirit) | the protecting spirt of a girl |
| Lemures | malevolent/mean spirits |
| Manes | benevolent/kind spirits |
| Spiritual Rituals at Wedding | the man carried the bride over the threshold and would be brought to the fireplace then the cupboards |
| Janus | spirit of the doorway, words like january and janitor come from this |
| Janus Bifrons | later image of janus who had two faces, looking forward and backward |
| Anthropomorphic | having a human form |
| Penates | protector of the cupboard, food supply, and provisions |
| Lares | protector of the home and property |
| Polytheistic | religion with multiple gods |
| Zenobia | national hero of syria; queen of palmyra; empress who took huge chunks of the roman empire |
| Boudica | queen of the iceni, in britain; grew a huge army to take back the land from the romans who were oppressing them |
| Cleopatra | cleopatra vii; born in 69 BCE and was queen of egypt; was with julius caesar then mark antony; |
| Vistilia | from the age of augustus; she was married 6 times and had 7 children; seems like she married men so they would have a connection to augustus bc her family was friends with his |
| Galla Placidia | basically ruled in place of her son, valentinian iii, after her husband died |
| Agrippina I and II | the first married caligula and then gave birth to the second, who gave birth to nero and helped rule when he was a teen |
| Ius Trium Liberorim | the right of the three children; if a woman had more than 3 children she was allowed to control her own finances |
| Mater Patriae | mother of the fatherland; they voted to have livia called this but her son vetoed |
| Pater Patriae | father of the fatherland; augustus was called it |
| Livia/Julia Augusta | the first empress; was octavian/augustus' wife; was known for being a close confidant and advisor of augustus |
| Julia the Younger | augustus' daughter; she was exiled for being an embarrassment |
| Scribonia | augustus' wife |
| Octavia | augustus' sister; he was especially devoted to her; she had multiple political marriages |
| Atia | augustus' mother |
| Julia the Older | augustus' grandmother; sister of julius caesar |
| Fulvia | mark antony's wife who led rebellions against octavian and tried to help him |
| Mark Antony | thought he would be the rightful heir of julius caesar |
| Sempronia | cornelia's daughter; married publius cornelius scipio |
| Tiberius Gracchus | cornelia's oldest son; became tribune of the plebs in 133 bce and was killed in a riot against his land reform bill |
| Gaius Gracchus | cornelia's younger son; was tribune in 123 and 122 and tried to pass the same reforms as his brother and was also killed for it |
| Cornelia | "the first woman in roman history"; daughter of scipio africanus and aemilia; when her husband died, she stayed single and raised the children herself even when a pharaoh approached her |
| Household Management and Gender | women were always at home so had to be able to manage teh house and those who worked there and the slaves |
| Roman Women's Citizenship and Power | they were citizens but they couldn't hold office or vote |
| Stola | came from greek; often linen; only high class women wore them at first |
| Tunica | worn underneath the toga |
| Toga | heavy wool fabric that wrapped around multiple times; they had to put restrictions to make senators wear it; additionally prostitutes were the only women who could wear them |
| Praetorian Prefect | two commanders with equal power; eventually it was only one; they served as the emperor's minister of defence/war |
| Seneca | one of the richest men of the empire; ran the affairs of the state |
| Sejanus | was the singular praetor prefect under tiberius and tried to over thrown him |
| Praetorian Relief on the Arch of Claudius | celebrates the defeat of the british |
| The Praetorian Gaurd | an elite military unit set up by augustus; it was for the protection of rome and italy and for personal security |
| Egypt and Augustus | it was elgally his private property so it was part of the empire in a much different way |
| Eques/Equites | the latin word for a knight was the same as a member of the business class in egypt; egypt was run like a business for him |
| Prefect of the City | the chief of police; position created by augustus |
| Princeps Iuventutis | chief/prince of youth; augutus gave this title to his grandsons after adopting them as his sons |
| Tribunicia Potestate | means "with tribunicial power" |
| Fiscus | latin word for basket; came from the fact that money from provinces was gathered in a basket |
| Legati Augusti | delegates that augustus picked to be emperors of the provinces |
| Powers Augustus Gained | he got consular power, power over provinces, tribunician power, and religious power as pontifex maximus |
| Proconsuls or Propraetors | the former consuls and praetors who were sent out to provinces to serve as governors |
| Imago | pl. imagines; the death mask of someone who had held curule office |
| Ossaia | the area of houses at the edge of lake trasimene; meant the place of the bones |
| Census | involved added new citizens to the list and assessing the wealth of all citizens to determine taxes |
| Censor | the pinnacle of the political career; two elected every 5 years; ran the census, assessed how senators were behaving, and overseeing infrastructure projects |
| Concilium Plebis | the council of the assembly of the pleb |
| Tribune of the Plebs | not part of the cursus honorum but was like a parallel government; eventually recognized as in theory the supreme law-making body; had veto power |
| Praetor | had imperium; hear legal cases; the plot against caesar was by the two praetors; could serve for a year then had the option to run for counsul |
| Praetor Urbanus | heard cases between roman citizens |
| Praetor Peregrinus | heard cases between citizens and allied foreigners |
| Aedile | looked after the maintenance of public buildings |
| Plebian Aedile | only plebians could run for it |
| Curule Aedile | originally only patricians but evenutally anyone; same duties as a regular one but they were allowed to sit in the curule chair |
| Equitum | if you were a lower ranked senator you'd have a lower level of respect |
| Quaestor | a financial officer; collected taxes; you'd be eligible in your late 20s |
| Cursus Honorum | the course of office; quaestor -> aedile -> praetor -> consul |
| Dictator Perpetuus | dictator for life; julius caesar proclaimed himself this in 44 bce and was killed a few weeks later |
| Quintus Fabius Maximus | dictator in 217 during the wars with hannibal |
| Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus | dictator for 16 days in order to help with a battle |
| Magister Equitum | master of the calvary; the second in command to the dictator |
| Dictator | also called the magister poluli or "master of the people"; given all the power but not perpetually; had 24 lictors |
| Senators | had to have held some form of office before |
| Senate | name comes from "senex" which means an elder; gave council to the consul; had to approve bills before they were put forward |
| Fastis Consulares | documents that recording the consuls; they were marble tablets |
| Toga Candida | worn by people running for consul; candida means glistening or radiant bc they did it to stand out |
| Campus Martius | the field of mars; just outside of the wall of rome; the comitia centuriata met here |
| Comitia Centuriata | the group of adult male citizens who elected the consuls; made up of groups of 100 originally but those groups grew with rome; they were unfair bc majority were controled by the richest |
| Nobilis | "well-known"; after you had been consul your family would always be nobilis |
| Consuls Outfit | wore togas with a purple hem |
| Consuls | there were 2 elected each year; they had veto power over each other but had imperium outside of that; had 12 lictors |
| Veto | latin for "i forbid" |
| Monarch | greek word for one ruler |
| Fasces | a bundle of rods that sometime had an axe in the center |
| Lictors | bodygaurds |
| Sella Curulis | an ivory chair that the king would sit on when delivering a judgement |
| Purple Dye | made from mollusks mostly off the coast of lebanon |
| Kings Outfit | wore an all purple toga |
| Imperium | military power was called imperium, we get our words for imperial and empire from this; it was unqquestionable |
| 4 Type of Kings Power | military, judicial, legislative, and religious |
| Rex | means king |
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