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A&P- Chapter 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Neuroglia | Nourish and protect neurons |
| Afferent division | carries sensory info from receptors to CNS |
| Efferent division | Carries motor commands from CNS to effectors |
| Somatic nervous system | Controls skeletal muscle contractions |
| Autonomic nervous system | controls smooth/cardiac muscle contractions, glandular secretions |
| Sympathetic division | activated during times of danger |
| Parasympathetic division | Activated during no times of danger |
| What is the cytoplasm in the cell body called? | Perikaryon |
| What are Nissil bodies | RGR and ribosomes |
| Cytoplasm in the axon: | Axoplasm |
| Membrane of the axon: | Axolemma |
| Synapse | where pre and post synaptic cells communicate thru release of chemicals across spaces called synaptic clefts |
| Neuron-Neuron synapse | Typical synapse |
| Neuron-gland synapse | neuroglandular synapses |
| Neuron-muscle synapse | neuromuscular synapse |
| Anaxonic neuron | no defined axon/dendrites |
| Bipolar neuron | Small, cell body in middle, two distinct processes |
| Unipolar neuron | Cell body to side, axon/dendrites are continuous; very long, found in PNS |
| Multipolar neuron | cell body with axon, two or more dendrites; very long, found in CNS |
| Sensory (afferent) neuron | unipolar axons (afferent fibers) extend between receptor and CNS |
| Motor (efferent) neuron | multipolar axons (efferent fibers) extend between CNS and effectors |
| Interneuron (association neuron) | multipolar distribute info bt. sensory and motor neuron |
| Ependymal cells | line central cavity and ventricles secretes and moves cerebrospinal fluid |
| Astrocytes | Large and numerous cell extensions surround capillaries maintain blood/brain barrier |
| Microglia | remove cell debris and pathogens |
| oligodendrocytes | pads wrap axons to form a myelin sheath sheaths insulate and speed up action potential |
| satellite cells | surround cell bodies of PNS neurons |
| Schwann cells | wrap axon to form sheath |
| Steps of wallerian degeneration: | 1. fragmentation 2. macrophages gobble up debris of Schwann cells (forms roadway) 3. axon sends bud along roadway 4. Axon continues to grow into distal stump and enclosed by Schwann cells |
| Potential difference | when + and - charges are held apart |
| Transmembrane potential | potential difference across membrane |
| Current | movement of charge to eliminate pd |
| Resistance | membrane restricts ion movement creates resistance to current |
| Potential difference at rest: | -70mv |
| At resting, inside contains: | K+ and protein- |
| At resting, outside contains: | Na+ and Cl- |
| K+ move thru leak channels faster than Na+ so inside is ________ and outside is ________. | Negative; positive |
| Chemical gradient | Drives Na in and K out |
| Electrical gradient | Drives Na and K in |
| Electrochemical gradient for K | Drives K out of cell; less than chemical gradient alone due to opposing electrical gradient |
| Electrochemical gradient for Na | Drives Na into cell; greater than chemical gradient due to aid of electrical gradient |
| Na/K pump | Uses ATP to pump 3 Na out and 2 K in; maintains resting potential |
| Chemically regulated channel | open/close in response to chemicals |
| Voltage regulated channel | open/close in response to changes in transmembrane potential |
| Mechanically regulated channel | Open/close in response to physical stimulation |
| Depolarization | shift in resting pot. towards more positive potential |
| Repolarization | process of restoring RP |
| Hyperpolarization | increase in negative aspect of RP |
| All or none principal | Need stimulus large to reach threshold and opens voltage regulated Na channels in the axon; no matter how much stimulus is applied, it will go the same speed |
| Generation of AP overview: | stimulus causes depolarization, Na channels open/Na moves in (depolar), Na channels inactivated, Ka channels open/K moves out (repolar), more K moves out (hyper), K channels close and Na/K pump and leak channels restore potential |
| Refractory period | Time from beginning to ap until rp is stabilized |
| Absolute refractory period | From when Na channels open until Na channels inactivation ends; does not respond to second stimulus |
| Relative refractory period | From when Na channels regain resting condition until tp stabilizes; responds to greater than normal stimulus |
| Propagation | Repeated ap along entire membrane |
| continuous propagation | ap spreads along unmyelinated axon |
| saltatory propagation | ap spreads along myelinated axon |
| What is the axon diameter rule? | more diameter, less resistance |
| Type A fibers | Largest, myelinated, ap=140m/sec Very important info |
| Type B fibers | Smaller, myelinated, ap=18m/sec Less urgent info |
| Type C fibers | smallest, unmyelinated, ap=1m/sec least urgent info |
| Electrical synapse | pre and postsynaptic cell have direct contact via gap junctions |
| Chemical synapse | pre and postsynaptic cell do not have direct contact; neurotransmitter release at synapse |
| Excitatory transmitter | cause depolarization and ap; Na rushing in |
| Inhibitory transmitter | causes hyper polarization and prevents ap; k rushing out |
| Cholinergic synapse | ACH released; neuron-neuron synapses in PNS and NMJ |
| Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) | released at adrenergic synapses in CNS and ANS with excitatory effects |
| Dopamine | released in CNS with inhibitory role in control of precise movement |
| Serotonin | Released in CNS with effects on emotions and attention states |
| Gamma-aminobutyric (GABA) | released at CNS with effect of reducing anxiety |
| Neuromodulators | effect neurotransmitter release or postsynaptic cell response; ex) peptide opioids for pain control |
| Postsynaptic potentials | graded potentials at postsyn. mem in response to neurotransmitters |
| Excitatory postsynaptic potential | graded depolar. at postsyn cell |
| Inhibitory postsyn. potential | graded hyperpolar. at post sun membrane |
| Summation | effect of all graded potentials at membrane temporal or spacial |
| Temporal summation | add stimuli in quick succession |
| Spacial summation | simultaneous stimuli having cumulative effect |
| Facilitation | bringing neuron tm potential closer to threshold |
Created by:
madelineyork
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