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AP Euro Unit 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| simony | the buying and selling of Church offices |
| indulgences | sold by the Catholic Church as a means to grant forgiveness for someone who had died to fund grandiose architectural projects and the luxurious lifestyles of Church officials |
| Pope Leo X | pope that sold Catholics indulgences to fund the completion of St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City |
| Martin Luther | Augustinian monk who exposed the corruptions of the Church in his 95 Theses through his own personal exploration of the New Testament |
| priesthood of all believers | belief of Martin Luther's that challenged the entrenched Catholic dogma that priesthood was for a select, elite few; idea would become very attractive to people |
| sola scriptura | Protestant doctrine that stated only the Bible was the true authority of the Catholic religion, not the Church |
| 95 Theses | document of Church criticisms by Martin Luther that resonated with other Catholics in the German states and marked the beginning of the Protestant Reformation |
| Diet of Worms | the Church's trial against Martin Luther in which they declared him a heretic and demanded him to recant his statements; Luther denied |
| John Calvin | Genevan minister who systemized Protestant doctrine in his 'The Institutes of the Christian Religion' and established the ideas of predestination and elect within in |
| predestination | Calvin's idea that salvation and damnation was not a matter of human choice, but was decided by God before he even created the world |
| elect | Calvin's idea that the ______ were people God had chosen to save, who had no choice in the matter and could never lose their salvation |
| theocracy | system of government in which the Bible served as the law; best exemplified by Geneva, Switzerland |
| Anabaptism | denomination that agreed with many of the teachings of Luther and Calvin, but separated in that they believed only adults could be baptized, as they had free will, unlike infants; believed in the complete separation of church and state |
| John Wycliffe | lived in the 14th century and attempted to reform the Catholic Church in England |
| Jan Hus | lived in the 15th century and tried to discover and eliminate corruption in the Catholic Church in Prague |
| Puritans | English Calvinists during the reign of Elizabeth I who wanted to weed out remnants of Catholicism in the Church of England |
| Huguenots | French Calvinists who made up a significant part of the French population by the 1560s, opposed to a previously completely Catholic France |
| Catherine de Medici | ruled in the place of French Charles IX until he was of age; purged France of the nonconforming Huguenot nobility because they threatened her Catholic authority |
| Massacre of Vassy | event in which a duke of the Guise family ordered a group of worshipping Huguenots to death |
| St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre | week-long massacre of Parisian Huguenots by French Catholics |
| Edict of Nantes | officially established France as a Catholic state, but also provided Huguenots the freedom to worship without fearing being massacred or harassed |
| Philip II | Spanish Habsburg king who wanted to rid Europe, specifically England and the Netherlands, of Protestantism |
| iconoclasm | any deliberate destruction of symbols and images |
| William of Orange | rose to the head of Dutch Calvinists in the Netherlands and helped them declare independence from Phillip II's Catholic Spain |
| Spanish Armada | fleet of ships sent by Philip II of Spain to England to retailiate Elizabeth I's favor toward Protestantism; was defeated by the British Navy |
| Thirty Years' War | war that altered the Protestant-Catholic balance of power in Europe and resulted in reduced Church influence in political affairs |
| Peace of Augsburg (1555) | offered some degree of religious toleration in the Holy Roman Empire by decreeing that the princes of its territories could determine whether their subjects would be Catholic or Protestant |
| Ferdinand I | Catholic who became king of Calvinist Bohemia, angering Calvinists there |
| Defenestration of Prague | Bohemian Calvinists threw two of Catholic Ferdinand I's advisors out of a window; some believed they were saved by God's grace, and others believed the fall was broken by a pile of manure |
| their motives for fighting shifted from primarily religious to primarily political | how did the motives of the participants in the Thirty Years' War change as the war progressed? |
| Battle of White Mountain | battle in the Bohemian phase of the 30 Years' War; the Holy Roman Emperor and Catholic Ferdinand II defeated Protestant forces led by Frederick I |
| Catholics gained the upper hand and reestablished Catholicism throughout much of the Holy Roman Empire | what were the results of the Bohemian phase of the 30 Years' War? |
| Danish Phase | phase of the 30 Years' War in which King Christian IV of Denmark took up the Protestant cause, because he was involved in an anti-Catholic, anti-Habsburg alliance with England |
| Swedish Phase | phase of the 30 Years' War in which King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden organizes the Protestant cause and armies and scores a major victory for the Protestants |
| French Phase | phase of the 30 Years' War in which the French ally on the Protestant side, despite being Catholic, because they want to lessen the power of their rival, the Spanish Habsburgs |
| Peace of Westphalia (1648) | marked the end of the a universal Christendom and the end of religious wars in Europe, amended the Peace of Augsburg to include Calvinism as a legitimate faith, and kept the Holy Roman Emperor weak and individual states strong |
| Catholic Reformation | the Church's response to Protestant Reformation |
| Jesuit Order | group established by Ignatius of Loyola who created Catholic educational institutions across Europe on the belief that if Catholics were more educated, they would be less likely to fall for Protestant statements about Church corruption |
| Roman Inquisition | the rooting out of heretics throughout the Church by the Jesuit Order |
| Papal Index | list of books that the Church declared forbidden for Catholics to read; included texts from Galileo, Erasmus Darwin, and other scientists and Protestants |
| Ursulines | female Catholic order that focused on educating Catholics, especially young women |
| Saint Teresa of Avila | reformed the Carmelite order to reject the affluence that corrupted the Church and adopted pious, prayerful lifestyles |
| Council of Trent (1545) | most significant manifestation of the Catholic Reformation, aimed to resolve differences between Catholics and Protestants; suppressed simony, reestablished celibacy of priests, and cleaned up sale of indulgences |
| House of Lords | section of English Parliament reserved for the landed citizens |
| House of Commons | section of English Parliament reserved for those without land, even if they were wealthy |
| patriarchy | a male-dominated society |
| 1. women were by nature, inferior to men 2. Aristotle argued women were simply unfinished men 3. in Genesis 3, it was Eve who was tricked by the serpent | how did people who rejected gender equality answer "the woman question"? |
| 1. women only seemed inferior because they had been continuously robbed of opportunities for improvement 2. Elizabeth I of England was an excellent and headstrong example of a leader, even though she was a female | how did people who embraced gender equality answer "the woman question"? |
| carnival | a festival where people would drink and dance, was held before Lent, which, according to the Church, was a season of repentance |
| mannerism | 16th century art movement in which artists painted "in the manner of" great Renaissance artists, but lacked their genius and money; distorted figures and settings expressed intense suffering and emotion |
| El Greco | Greek painter considered the master of the mannerist art movement |
| Baroque art | art movement that attempted to merge classical Renaissance ideals with the rising religious affections of the age; extravagant and ornate, highly emotional and dramatic in subject |
| Peter Paul Rubens | Flemish Baroque artist who reflected classical ideas and Christian history in his paintings |
| Jean Lorenzo Bernini | greatest Baroque sculptor who communicated emotion and drama in his works; crafted the plaza in front of St. Peter's Basilica |
| to consolidate their power and put the grandiosity of their reformed doctrines on display | why did the Catholic Church commission so many baroque artists? |
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