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AP Euro Unit 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Renaissance (1450-1650) | European movement that grew out of the rediscovery of classical texts from ancient Rome and Greece |
| Petrarch (1304-1374) | considered the father of the Renaissance, was the first to analyze classical texts and layed the intellectual framework for humanism |
| humanism | focused on the unlimited potential of human beings as an end in themselves |
| philology | the study of the history and development of languages |
| Lorenzo Valla (1407-1457) | philologist who undermined the authority and credibility of the Church by distinguishing Latin used historically from Latin used modernly |
| Giovanni Pica de Mirandola (1463-1494) | wrote "Oration on the Dignity of Man" which eloquently described the unlimited potential of human beings |
| secularism | the decoupling of religious belief from society |
| individualism | emphasizes the triumph of the individual as opposed to the community |
| civic humanism | the belief that it was an individual's civic duty to apply their intellect to the political and economic realities of the state they lived in |
| Baldassare Castiglione (1478-1529) | wrote "The Courtier", a guide outlining how he believed educated men should behave in courtly society |
| Leonardo Bruni (1370-1444) | wrote "The New Cicero" in which he argued that an intellectual was obligated to serve his state |
| Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) | wrote "The Prince" in which he argued that a leader should maintain power at all costs, as opposed to following Biblical virtues and good will |
| naturalism | art style that portrayed the world as it was, not in the mysteries of symbolic figures, and the flatness that characterized art from the Middle Ages |
| Michelangelo (1475-1564) | sculpted David heroically and physically strong, the humanist apex of a perfect man |
| Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) | architect of the Church of San Lorenzo, in which he included Roman-inspired arches and columns, as opposed to the Gothic architecture style of the Middle Ages |
| Northern Renaissance | movement of the Italian Renaissance northward via the printing press, but retained the Christian framework for their thought |
| Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1525-1569) | Northern Renaissance painter of "The Netherlandish Proverbs" in which he depicts ordinary people in ordinary situations, namely, peasants at the bottom of the social hierarchy |
| Christian humanism | the Renaissance's spread to the Low Countries, France, Germany, and England, in which people pained to synthesize humanist thought with Christian tradition, and simplify Christian life opposed to the complex Church hierarchy of the time |
| Erasmus | Northern humanist who wrote "The Praise of Folly" in which he mocked the corrupt aspects of Church hierarchy |
| printing press | invented by Johannes Gutenberg, rapidly spread humanist texts and ideas through the Northern Renaissance thanks to the creation of moveable type |
| vernacular literature | literature in the language of the people (previously all writings were in Latin, and could be interpreted only by literate Church elites), spread ideas efficiently and created feelings of national identity and unity |
| Henry VIII (1491-1547) | originally defended the Church against Protestantism, but when his wife, Catharine of Aragon, didn't bear a male heir, created the Anglican Church, with himself at the head, to bypass the Church's refusal to annul their marriage |
| Treason Act (1351) | act passed in England under Henry VIII that made it treason to refuse to recognize the authority of the Anglican Church as the official state church |
| Mary Tudor I (1516-1558) | monarch who attempted to restore England to Catholicism, often with brutal enforcement tactics |
| Elizabeth I (1533-1603) | steered England back to Protestantism after the reign of Mary I |
| Act of Uniformity (1558) | act under Elizabeth I which forced England to attend Anglican church services regularly or pay a hefty fine |
| bureaucracy | a group of officials whose job it is to make sure people are following laws and paying their taxes |
| Concordat of Bologna (1516) | agreement between Francis I and Pope Leo X in which the pope recieved the right to collect income from the French Church, and Francis I recieved the right to appoint Church officials, which restricted their ability to communicate with the Pope directly |
| Peace of Augsburg (1555) | gave individual rulers in the Holy Roman Empire the right to determine their subjects either Catholic or Lutheran |
| Medici family | wealthy family in Florence who established a prominent banking system throughout the Italian city-states |
| Fugger family | wealthy family in Augsburg who established a prominent banking system throughout the German states |
| republicanism | a government structure in which elected representatives make the laws and wield power by the consent of the governed |
| Jean Bodin (1530-1596) | Frenchman who believed that states would succeed most through an absolutist monarch, elected by divine right |
| divine right of kings | view held by Henry VIII and other monarchs, that they ruled because they were God's servants on Earth, and because of this, it was their duty to do so |
| mercantilism | dominant European economic system that believed there was a finite amount of wealth in the world, measured by gold and silver, and motivated European powers to explore overseas |
| favorable balance of trade | when a state has more exports than imports |
| Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683) | financier who aimed to create policies in France that enabled French industry to produce everything the people needed, so that they didn't have to import as many goods from elsewhere, maintaining a favorable balance of trade |
| tariff | a tax on imported goods |
| Reconquista | Isabella and Ferdinand's elimination of Jewish and Muslim peoples from Spain, in favor of Catholicism |
| Jesuits | groups of Catholic missionaries sent overseas to convert other peoples to Catholicism |
| Bartolome de las Casas (1484-1566) | explorer who defended the humanity and dignity of foreign peoples when they were used for forced labor and viewed inhumanely |
| maritime empires | empires that were sea-based, rather than land-based |
| cartography | mapmaking field in which it's advancements contributed to the success of European exploration |
| caravel | ship invented by the Spanish and Portuguese that was swift and highly navigable |
| lateen sails | triangular sails that could disperse wind from any direction, as opposed to square sails, and contributed to the success of European overseas exploration and maintainance of maritime empires |
| magnetic compass | navigational tool adopted from Muslim and Chinese navigators which accurately told directions in which a boat was headed |
| Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) | Portuguese who was the first European royal to promote exploration and discovery, motivated by missionary and mercenary factors |
| Vasco de Gama (1469-1524) | Portuguese navigator who sailed around the southern tip of Africa to access the spice trade in the Indian Ocean |
| trading post empire | the establishment of trading ports, rather than massive chunks of territory, in which trade could be controlled and taxed for the ruling empire's benefit; best exemplified by Portuguese presence in the Indian spice trade |
| Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) | commissioned by the Spanish to sail westward across the Atlantic to reach the Indian spice trade, but actually landed in what is known as the Bahamas today |
| Samuel de Champlain | French explorer who established the first French settlements in Quebec and claimed the Louisiana Purchase territory for France |
| settler colonies | colonies English people moved into and settled in to find a new life |
| Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) | settled empirical rivalry between Spain and Portugal by granting Portugal the lands in Africa and Asia, and Spain the Americas |
| Columbian Exchange | the global transfer of goods, flora, fauna, cultural practices, and diseases between the Old World and New World as a result of European imperialism |
| Great Dying | the millions of deaths of indigenous New World peoples due to lack of immunity from European diseases like smallpox and measles |
| feudalism | a system where peasants lived and worked on the land of a noble in exchange for armed protection from other nobles |
| capitalism | an economic system based on private ownership and a free and open exchange of goods between property owners; replaced feudalism in the Renaissance and Age of Exploration |
| Antwerp | city in the Netherlands that became a major trading post city due to its central location between the Atlantic trade routes of England, Belgium, Spain, and Portugal |
| casta system | system established by the Spanish in the New World that established a social hierarchy based on race, with Spanish-born people at the top |
| encomienda | economic and social system in which Spaniards could by law exact tribute and labor from indigenous Americans |
| plantation economy | the economic system in the humid areas of Central America and the Caribbean Islands that produced crops, especially sugar, cotton, and tobacco, using forced labor on large estates |
| cash crops | crops grown only for their sale to other countries (adhering to mercantilist interest), not for the consumption of the people in the parent economy; included sugar, tobacco, and coffee |
| Middle Passage | the voyage from Africa to the Americas for Africans to be used for forced labor on plantations as part of the Triangular Trade system |
| Commercial Revolution | the revolution of money becoming the most desirable commodity in Europe instead of land |
| Bank of Amsterdam (est. 1609) | bank opened by the Dutch in 1609 that signified just how much money and trade was being dealt with in the wake of the money economy |
| money economy | an economy in which goods and services and wages were exchanged for work were paid with money |
| double-entry bookkeeping | banking system that logged credits and debits accordingly, and signified the drastic changes in European economics with the rise of the money economy |
| Dutch East India Company (est. 1602) | joint-stock company created by Dutch private investors to oversee trade in the Indian Ocean |
| joint-stock company | a private company rather than a state-sponsored company in which investors bought shares of a company, therefore sharing the risks and rewards |
| Price Revolution | a phenomenon in which prices steadily rose for a century and a half, due to the influx of precious metals from New Spain (Bolivia) |
| manor | term for the agricultural estate under a noble's ownership |
| subsistence farming | feudalistic agricultural method in which peasants only grew what they needed to live, not for export |
| crop rotation | method used to prevent soil exhaustion, in which different crops were rotated through different plots of land |
| Enclosure Movement (1700s-1800s) | push in the 18th and 19th centuries to convert previously public land to privately owned land, usually with fences or walls surrounding it; benefitted large landowners but disadvantaged the way of life of the peasantry |
| Nobles of the Robe | group of French elites who did not have nobility in their blood, but were wealthy enough to buy their way into the status |
| Little Ice Age | period of unusually cold temperatures beginning in the 13th century; the scarcity of food caused malnutrition and disease to spread and brought the average size of families down |
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