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aphug unit four
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| state | formal term for a country |
| criteria of a state | defined boundary, contains a permanent population, maintains sovereignty over its domestic and international affairs, and is recognized by other states |
| nation | a group of people who have certain things in common (cultural heritage, beliefs/values, etc) |
| nation-state | a nation of people who fulfill the qualifications of a state |
| stateless nation | a cultural group that has no independent political entity |
| multinational state | a country that contains more than one nation |
| autonomous region | a defined area within a state that has a high degree of self-government and freedom from its parent state |
| semi-autonomous region | a state that has a degree of, but not complete self-rule |
| sovereignty | the power of a political unit, or government, to rule over its own affairs |
| self-determination | the right to choose own sovereign government without external influence |
| colonialism | particular type of imperialism. people move into and settle on the land of another country |
| imperialism | broader concept, influencing another country/group of people by direct conquest, economic control, or cultural dominance |
| centripetal force | force that helps unify people within a country |
| centrifugal force | force that divides people, breaks states apart, or prevents states from forming |
| neocolonialism | economic, political, or cultural control being indirectly exerted over developing countries |
| choke point | place of physical congestion between wider regions of movement and interaction |
| territoriality | a willingness by a person or group of people to defend space they claim |
| independence movement | effort by people to create a new sovereign state in a place inside of another state |
| multi-state nation | when a nation has a state of its own but stretches across borders of other states |
| antecedent boundary | preceded the development of the cultural landscape, typically based on unpopulated physical features (oceans and mountains) |
| subsequent boundary | created while cultural landscape is evolving, drawn to accommodate ethnic, religious, linguistic, or economic differences in groups |
| superimposed boundary | drawn by outside powers, may have ignored existing cultural patterns, often lack conformity to natural features |
| relic boundary | has been abandoned for political purposes, evidence of it still exists in landscape, nonfuctional but preserved for historic purposes |
| geometric boundary | straight line/arc drawn by people that does not closely follow any physical feature |
| consequent boundary | type of subsequent boundary that takes into account existing cultural/physical landscapes |
| defined boundary | established by a legal document that divides one entity from another, could range from country to real estate plot |
| delimited boundary | drawn on a map by a cartographer to show the limits of a space |
| demarcated boundary | identified by physical objects on landscape (signs, fences, walls) |
| administered boundary | border that is actively managed and protected/controlled by a sovereign government |
| irredentism | when one country seeks to annex territory where it has cultural ties to part of the population or historic claims to the land |
| shatterbelt | a place located between two very different and contentious countries |
| devolution | process in which one or more regions are given increased autonomy by the central political unit |
| international boundary | borders between countries |
| internal boundary | used at subnational scale to divide countries into smaller units |
| political boundary | an invisible line that marks the outer limits of a state's territory |
| United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) | treaty signed by more than 150 countries that addresses water boundaries, defines 4 zones |
| territorial sea | zone that extends 12 nautical miles of sovereignty, commercial vessels may pass through, non-commercial vessels may be challenged |
| exclusive economic zone (EEZ) | costal states can explore, extract minerals, and manage natural resources up to 200 nautical miles |
| voting district | internal boundaries that divide a country's electorate into subnational regions |
| redistricting | redrawing district boundaries so each one contains roughly the same amount of people |
| gerrymandering | the drawing of boundaries for political districts by the party in power to protect or increase their power |
| unitary state | most or all of the governing power is held by the national government, all local governments are subject to the authority of the national government |
| federal state | unites separate political entities into an overarching system that allows each entity to maintain some degree of sovereignty |
| ethnic separatism | advocacy for full political separation/secession from the larger group along cultural, ethnic, tribal, or governmental lines |
| ethnic cleansing | purposeful policy designed by one group to remove the civilian population of a different ethnic/religious group from certain geographic areas, violently |
| terrorism | organized violence aimed at a government and civilian targets to create fear for the advancement of political goals |
| supranationalism | multiple countries forming an organization for the benefit of all the members |
| United Nations (UN) members and mission | 193 countries (most countries in the world, 2 observe and are not members) To promote peace, security, and human rights |
| North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) members and mission | 30 countries (US, Canada, Iceland, most countries in west and central Europe, Turkey) To provide mutual defense of member states |
| European Union (EU) members and mission | 27 countries (west and central Europe) To integrate member states politically and economically (free movement of people, free movement of goods and services, common currency) |
| Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) members and mission | 10 countries (southeast Asia) To advance economic growth, peace, social progress, and cultural and economic development in the region |
| Arctic Council members and mission | 8 countries (only countries with territory in the Arctic-Canada, Russia, US, North Europe) To foster cooperation, coordination, and interaction among the Arctic states with participation of Arctic indigenous communities |
| African Union members and mission | 55 countries (all countries in Africa) To advocate peace, security, and stability on the continent through greater cooperation, economic development, and global integration |
| failed state | a state that no longer functions properly, usually because of political, social, or economic failures |
| democratization | the transition from autocratic to more representative forms of politics |
| ethnonationalism | support for the political interests of a particular ethnic group within a state, especially its national independence or self-determination |
| land boundary | an invisible line that marks the outer limits of a state's territory on land |
| maritime boundary | a conceptual means of division of the water surface of the planet into maritime areas that are defined through surrounding physical geography or by human geography |
| international waters | the areas of the sea that are not under the jurisdiction of any country |
| economies of scale | lowering production costs by increasing outputs |
| trade agreements | creating agreements that benefit more than one country |
| military alliances | organizations of countries who agree to help each other militarily if attacked by another country |
| demilitarized zone | a sort of unnatural buffer zone forced into existence to try and prevent the outbreak of further hostilities |
| ethnic nationalist movement | the collective ideas and actions of an ethnic nation designed to promote the identity and rights of an ethnicity in cultural, economic, and political spheres |
| cultural cohesion | the capacity of different national and ethnic groups to make a mutual commitment to live together as citizens of the same state |
| infrastructure development | the basic structure of services, installations, and facilities needed to support industrial, agricultural, and other economic development |
| berlin conference | 1884, dividing up the continent of Africa among the various European imperial powers without an outbreak of war between these powers (Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, and Italy) |
| devolution of Spain | ethnic separatism, 2 culturally and linguistically distinct groups, Basques and Catalans, Basque granted semi-autonomy in 1979, Catalans still seeking separation |
| devolution of Belgium | social issue, Flemish speaking Flanders in the north, French speaking Walloon in the south, divided bc of linguistic, cultural, and economic differences, people identifying with one of the groups instead of Belgian |
| devolution of Canada | Canada stole land, Nunavut people trying to get land back |
| devolution of Nigeria | Subnationalism, 12 northern states have Islam as predominate religion, affects legal system (based on Islamic law, called Sharia), 24 southern states (Christianity and animism) use more secular legal systems |
| devolution of Eritrea | Ethiopia annexed Eritrea in 1962 after 30 years of internal conflict to gain access to the Red Sea, in 1993 Eritrea declared independence, claimed separate nationality based on ethnic, linguistic, and cultural differences, conflict breaking out again |
| devolution of South Sudan | southern part of Sudan is non-arab, christian, and animist, north is arab and muslim, the south felt persecuted and marginalized by the north, after long civil was South Sudan was granted independence |
| devolution of East Timor | religious difference to the rest of Indonesian islands (settled by the portuguese, so they are Roman Catholic), won independence after brief war in 2002 |
| devolution of USSR | ethnic differences within the USSR, split off when USSR fell |
| Ukraine-Russia devolution | many russian speaking citizens felt closer to russia, russia invaded and claimed control of that region |
| cracking (gerrymandering) | dispersing a group into several districts to prevent a majority |
| packing (gerrymandering) | combining like minded voters into one district to prevent them from affecting elections in other districts |
| stacking (gerrymandering) | diluting a minority populated district with majority populations |
| hijacking (gerrymandering) | redrawing two districts in order to force two elected representatives of the same party to run against each other |
| kidnapping (gerrymandering) | moving an area where an elected representative has support to an area where they don't have support |
| organic theory | Fredrich Ratzel 1897, think of countries as living organisms (need food to survive), a country's food is territory (lebensraum), countries must gain territory to remain powerful, Hitler was a fan |
| heartland theory | Halford Mackinder 1904, any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world, Hitler was a fan |
| rimland theory | Nichols Spykman 1944, if you control the coast you can control the interior, heartland area was not as important, NATO and US naval bases somewhat follow theory |
| domino theory | US foreign policy theory that after WWII, countries next to Communism would fall to Communism, America made Truman Doctrine that stated we would protect countries attacked by Communist countries |
| sea power theory | Alfred Mahan 1890, only one still relevant, sea power was crucial to national supremacy, power categorized in 3 ways; weapons of war, control of sea trade, colonies to support both |
Created by:
slim2601
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