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Anatomy Midterm
Semester 1 Lessons
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts. | Anatomy |
| Study of how the body and its parts work or function. | Physiology |
| External covering of the body | Integumentary System |
| Consists of bones, joints, cartilages, and connective tissue | Skeletal System |
| Organ system consisting of skeletal muscles and their connective tissue attachments. | Muscular System |
| Anterior body trunk inferior to ribs | Abdominal |
| Axillary | Armpit |
| Brachial | Arm |
| Buccal | Cheek |
| Carpal | Wrist |
| Bodies ability to maintain relative stability despite changing external conditions. | Homeostasis |
| All activities promoted by muscular systems | Movement |
| Ability to sense changes in the environment and then react to them. | Responsiveness |
| Process of breaking down ingested food into simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood. | Digestion |
| Broad term that refers to all chemical reactions that occur within body cells. | Metabolism |
| Elongated cell used for connecting skin tissues. Essential for wound healing. | Fibroblast |
| Cell that carries oxygen into blood stream, red blood cell | Erythrocyte |
| Resembles the cells in a honeycomb of a beehive. Allows the cells to pack together in sheets. | Epithelial Cell |
| Elongated and filled with contractile filaments so they can shorten forcefully | Skeletal Muscle and Smooth Muscle Cells |
| Huge spherical shape allows large storage | Fat |
| This tissue is the lining, covering, or glandular tissue of the body | Epithelial Tissues |
| Single layer of thin squamous cells resting on a membrane. Found in air sacs of the lungs. | Simple Squamous Epithelium |
| One layer of cuboidal cells resting on a membrane. Found in salivary glands and pancreas. | Simple Cuboidal Epithelium |
| Made up of a single layer of talls cells. Found in the entire length of the digestive tract. | Simple Columnar Epithelium |
| Most common stratified epithelial in the body. Found in the esophagus, mouth, and outer portion of skin. | Stratified Squamous Epithelium |
| The main thing that affects skin color? | Melanin |
| Caused by embarrassment | Redness |
| Can be caused when under emotional stress. Paleness | Blanching |
| Abnormal yellow skin color usually signifying a liver disorder | Jaundice |
| Black and blue marks revealing sites where blood has escaped circulation | Bruises |
| Glands found all over the skin except the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. | Sebaceous Glands |
| Product of sebaceous glands. | Sebum |
| Sweat glands found all over the body | Eccrine Glands |
| Produced from the eccrine glands | Sweat |
| An itchy, red, peeling condition of the skin between the toes, resulting from fungus infection | Athlete's Foot |
| Inflammation of hair follicles and sebaceous glands, common on the dorsal neck. Typically caused by bacterial infection. | Boils and Carbuncles |
| Small fluid-filled blisters that itch and sting, caused by a herpes simplex infection. Activated by emotional upset, fever, or UV radiation. | Cold Sores |
| Itching redness and swelling of the skin progressing to blistering. Caused by exposure of the skin to chemicals. | Contact Dermatitis |
| Pink, water-filled raised lesions that develop a yellow crust and eventually rupture. | Impetigo |
| A chronic condition, characterized by overproduction of skin cells that results in reddened epidermal lesions. | Psoriasis |
| Subdivision of skeleton, bones that form the longitudinal axis of the body | Axial Skeleton |
| Subdivision of skeleton, bones that form the limbs and girdles. | Appendicular Skeleton |
| How many bones are in an adult human's body? | 206 |
| Dense bone and looks smooth and homogenous. | Compact |
| Bone composed of small needle-like pieces of bone and lots of open space | Spongy |
| Bones typically longer than they are wide. | Long |
| Bones that are generally cube shaped and contain mostly spongy bone. | Short |
| Bone that is thin flat and usually curved | Flat |
| Bones that do not fit into any other category. | Irregular |
| Fracture where bone breaks into many fragments. | Comminuted Fracture |
| Fracture where bone is crushed. | Compression Fracture |
| Fracture where bone portion is pressed inward. | Depressed Fracture |
| Fracture where bone ends are forced into each other. | Impacted Fracture |
| Fracture where ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied. | Spiral Fracture |
| Fracture where bone breaks incompletely, much in the way a green twig breaks. | Greenstick Fracture |
| There are more than how many muscles in the human body? | 600 |
| Long muscles with several nuclei. | Skeletal Muscle |
| Muscles that move things through your intestines. | Smooth Muscle |
| Muscles with voluntary control. | Skeletal Muscle |
| Muscles with striations. | Skeletal Muscle |
| Involuntary muscles with some striations. | Cardiac Muscle |
| Muscle that works 24 hours a day for every day of your life. | Cardiac Muscle |
| Involuntary muscles with no striations. | Smooth Muscle |
| Each muscle is made of small fibers known as… | Myofibrals |
| The nerves in your muscle release a chemical known as… | Neurotransmitter |
| When a muscle is unable to contract even though it is being stimulated. | Muscle Fatigue |
| Muscle fatigue is believed to be the result of..... | Oxygen Debt |
| Contraction where the myofilaments are successful in their sliding movements, the muscle shortens, and movement occurs. | Isotonic Contraction |
| Contraction in which the muscle does not shorten. | Isometric Contraction |
| The state of continuous partial contractions. | Muscle Tone |
| Part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord. Acts as the integrating and command center of the brain. | CNS |
| Carry impulses to and from the brain | Cranial Nerves |
| Carry impulses to and from the spinal cord | Spinal Nerves |
| Part of the nervous system outside of the central nervous system. | PNS |
| Consists of nerve fibers that convey impulses to the CNS from sensory receptors located in various parts of the body. | Sensory Division |
| Carries impulses from the CNS to effector organs, the muscles, and glands. | Motor Division |
| Star shaped cells that account for nearly half of all neural tissue | Astrocyte |
| Spider-like phagocytes that dispose of debris, including dead brain cells and bacteria. | Microglia |
| Line the cavities of the brain and the spinal cord. | Ependymal Cells |
| Wrap their flat extensions tightly around the nerve fibers, providing fatty insulation covering. | Oligodendrocytes |
| Metabolic center of the neuron | Cell Body |
| Neuron processes that convey incoming messages toward the cell body. | Dendrites |
| Neuro processes that generate nerve impulses and typically conduct them away from the cell body. | Axons |
| Branching found at the end of an axon, usually hundreds to thousands. | Axon Terminal |
| Chemical found in membranous sacs in the axon terminals. | Neurotransmitter |
| Which is not one of the 4 special senses? | Touch |
| Of all the sensory receptors in the body, how many are in the eyes? | 70% |
| The eyes are protected by the | Eyelids |
| The corner of the outside part of the eye is | Lateral Canthus |
| The corner of the inside part of the eye is | Medial Canthus |
| Protecting from the border of each eyelid are the.... | Eyelashes |
| This consists of the lacrimal gland, and a number of ducts that drain lacrimal secretions into the nasal cavity | Lacrimal Apparatus |
| These are located above the lateral part of each eye. | Lacrimal Glands |
| The outermost layer of the eye. Thich, white connective tissue | Sclera |
| Colored part of the eye | Iris |
| Area of the eye where light passes through. | Pupil |
| Part of the ear composed of the pinna and the external acoustic meatus | Outer Ear |
| What most people call the ear | Pinna |
| Short, narrow chamber carved into the temporal bone of the skull. | External Auditory Canal |
| Glands secrete a waxy yellow substance known as… | Earwax |
| The endocrine system uses chemical messengers known as (blank) which are released into th blood to be transported leisurely throughout the body. | Hormones |
| Chemical substances that are secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and regulate the metabolic activity of other cells in the body. | Hormones |
| Almost all hormones can be classified as either amino acid-based molecules and | Hypothalmus |
| This gland is the link between the nervous system and the endocrine system. | Pituitary Gland |
| Approximately the size of a grape. Hangs by a stalk from the surface of the hypothalmus | Antidiuretic Hormone |
| Stimulates contraction of uterus and the milk "let down" reflex. | Growth Hormone |
| Organ system that moves and transports blood throughout the body. | Heart |
| Enclosed by a double sac of serous membrane known as | Peritoneum |
| tightly hugs the external surface of the heart and is actually part of the heart wall. | Epicardium |
| 3 layers of the heart walls | Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium |
| Consists of cardiac muscle twisted and whorled into ring-like arrangements. | Myocardium |
| Thin, glistening sheet of endothelieum that lines the heart chambers. | Endocardium |
| Two types of chambers in the heart. | Atrium and Ventricles |
| Upper chambers of the heart. | Atrium |
| Lower chambers of the heart | Ventricles |
| Receiving chambers of the heart | Atria |
| Discharging chambers of the heart | Ventricles |
| Blood exits the heart through _______ and pumps to the rest of the body. | Aorta |
| Blood enters the heart through _______ as it comes back to the heart through veins. | Superior vena Cava |
| Blood is pumped throughout the body over how many times? | 100,000 times per day |
| Means heart contraction and relaxtion | Cardiac Cycle |
| Pick up excess tissue fluid and return it to the blood stream. | Lymphatic System |
| Means clear water | Lymph |
| microscopic, blind-ended tubes that spiderweb between the tissue cells and blood capillaries. | Lymph Capillaries |
| Help protect the body by removing foreign materials | Lymph Nodes |
| Lymph nodes are clustered in 3 main areas. | Inguinal, Axillary, Cervical |
| Engulf and destroy bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances | Macrophages |
| Strategically located cells in the lymph nodes that respond to foreign substances in the lymphatic stream | Lymphocytes |
| Outer part of the lymph node | Cortex |
| Dark-stained centers of many of the nodes | Germinal Centers |
| Blood-rich organ that filters the blood. Main function is to destroy worn-out red blood cells | Spleen |
| Organ that functions at peak levels only during youth. Found in the throat. | Thyroid |
| Small masses of lymphatic tissue that ring the pharynx, where they are found in the mucosa. | Tonsils |
| When the tonsils become red, swollen, and sore. | Tonsillitis |
| Resembles the tonsils and are found in the wall of the small intestine | Peyer's Patches |
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