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POLSY103: Ch. 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| civil rights | citizenship rights guaranteed to the people |
| intersectionality | the interdependent discrimination and oppression that results when an individual is a member of more than one oppressed or minority group |
| suspect classification | a classification, such as race, for which any discriminatory law must be justified by a compelling state interest |
| strict scrutiny | a heightened standard of review used by the Supreme Court to assess the constitutionality of laws that limit some freedoms or that make suspect classification |
| intermediate standard of review | a standard of review used by the court to evaluate laws that make a quasi-suspect classification |
| minimum rationality test | a standard of review used by the court to evaluate laws that make a nonsuspect classification |
| racism | institutionalized power equalities in society based on the perception of racial differences |
| abolitionists | a coalition of free black people and northern whites working to end slavery prior to the Civil War |
| black codes | a series of laws in the post-Civil War South designed to restrict the rights of formerly enslaved people before the passage of the 14th and 15th Amendments |
| reconstruction | the period following the Civil War during which the federal government took action to rebuild the South |
| poll taxes | taxes levied as a qualification for voting |
| literacy tests | tests required reading or comprehension skills as a qualification for voting |
| grandfather clauses | provisions exempting from voting restrictions the descendants of those able to vote in 1867 |
| Jim Crow laws | southern laws designed to circumvent the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments and to deny black people rights on bases other than race |
| segregation | the practice and policy of separating races |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | the Supreme Court case that established the constitutionality of the principle "separate but equal" |
| National Association for the Advancement of Colored People | an interest group in 1910 to promote civil rights for African Americans |
| Brown v. Board of Education | the Supreme Court case that rejected the idea that separate could be equal in education |
| boycott | the refusal to buy certain goods or services as a way to protest policy or force political reform |
| de jure discrimination | discrimination that arises from or is supported by the law |
| de facto discrimination | discrimination that is the result not of law but rather tradition and habit |
| busing | achieving racial balance by transporting students to schools across neighborhood boundaries |
| affirmative action | a policy of creating opportunities for members of certain groups as a substantive remedy for past discrimination |
| English-only movements | efforts to make English the official language of the United States |
| equal rights amendment | a constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender |
| sexual harassment | unwelcome sexual speech or behavior that creates a hostile work environment |
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