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Exam 2 - Micro
Hard terms from Chapters 5,6,7 & 20 that need to be reviewed
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| photoautotroph | An organism that uses light as its energy source and carbon dioxide (CO2) as its carbon source. |
| photoheterotroph | An organism that uses light as its energy source and an organic carbon source. |
| chemoautotroph | An organism that uses an inorganic chemical as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source. |
| chemoheterotroph | An organism that uses organic molecules as a source of carbon and energy. |
| Inorganic molecules include: | carbon dioxide, oxygen, minerals, lead, and water (does not contain hydrogen and carbon together) |
| Organic molecules include: | most carbon containing compounds, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; carbs, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids |
| Glycolysis makes: | 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 0 FADH2, 2 ATP made by substrate-level phosphorylation, 6 ATP made from NADH and 0 ATP made from FADH through oxidative phosphorylation |
| Acetyl COA Step makes: | 0 ATP, 2 NADH, 0 ATP made by substrate-level phosphorylation, 6 ATP made from NADH through oxidative phosphorylation |
| Kreb Cycle makes: | 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP made by substrate-level phosphorylation, 18 ATP from NADH and 4 ATP from FADH made from NADH through oxidative phosphorylation |
| Psychrophiles | cold-loving bacteria; optimum temp from -5 to 15C |
| Mesophiles | grow best at moderate temperatures; optimum temp from 25C to 45C |
| Thermophiles | heat-loving bacteria; optimum temp 45C to 70C |
| Hypothermophiles | love extreme-heat; optimum temp from 70C to 110C |
| Facultative Halophiles | are able to grow in high salt environments and tolerate high osmotic pressure |
| Antisepsis | a method for disinfection of the skin or mucous membranes |
| Dergeming | the mechanical removal, rather than the killing, of most microbes in a limited area Ex: used to sanitize skin before an injections |
| sanitization | treatment is intended to lower microbial counts on eating and drinking utensils to safe public health levels; may be done w/ high-temp washing or dipping into a chemical disinfectant |
| Moist heat sterilization | kills microorganisms by coagulating their proteins (denaturation); reliable sterilization w/ moist heat requires temp above boiling point |
| Autoclaving | a chamber is filled w/ hot steam, 121 C, and a lot of pressure; kills endospores in 15 minutes; used to sterilize lab and hospital equipment; cannot be used for heat sensitive substances |
| pasteurization | aims to achieve a reduction in the number of viable organisms, so they are unlikely to cause disease; protein denaturation; does NOT kill endospores |
| dry heat sterilization | kills by oxidation effects; includes direct flaming, incineration, and hot air sterilization (all of them sterilize) |
| filtration | used to sterilize sensitive materials like vaccines, enzymes, antibiotics, and culture media |
| Biguanides | primarily affects bacterial cell membranes, especially against gram(+) bacteria; can beef with enveloped viruses |
| Chlorohexidine | example of biguanides; frequently used for microbial control on skin and mucous membranes; combined w/ detergents or alcohol, the stuff is often used for surgical hand scrubs and preoperative skin preparation on patients |
| Halogens | for sure iodine and chlorine are effective alone or combined w/ other elements; most effective against vegetative bacterial and fungal cells, fungal spores, some bacterial endospores, protozoan cysts, and many viruses |
| Iodine | mainly used for skin disinfection and wound treatment; combines w/ amino acid tyrosine in proteins and denatures proteins; includes betadine and iodine which are a skin antiseptic used in surgery, injections, and burn wounds;Ex of halogens |
| chlorine | is a strong oxidizing agent that prevents much of the cellular enzyme system from functioning; ex of halogens |
| Hypochlorous acid | forms when chlorine is added to water; is the most effective form bc it is neutral in electrical charge and diffuses rapidly as water through the cell wall; is easily inactivated organic materials; used in water, pools, & sewage; |
| alcohols | kill bacteria & fungi, not endospores & nonenveloped viruses; usually denature protein, disrupts membranes & dissolve lipids; not good for open wounds bc proteins coagulate (bacteria grow under layer); act quickly & evaporate, leaves no resideue |
| Aldehydes | among the most effective antimicrobials; inactivate proteins by forming covalent crosslinks w/ functional groups → thereby inactivating nucleic acids and denaturing proteins |
| Formaldehyde (ex of aldehydes) | excellent disinfectant; used to preserve biological specimens and inactivate bacteria and viruses in vaccines; Irritates mucous membranes and has strong odor & suspected carcinogens |
| Glutaraldehyde (ex of aldehydes) | relative of formaldehyde that is less irritant and more effective than formaldehyde; is used to disinfect hospital instruments; One of the few chemical disinfectants that is a sterilizing agent; used to disinfect hospital instruments; kills spores |
| gaseous chemosterilants | frequently used as substitutes for physical sterilization processes; application requires a closed chamber similar to a steam autoclave; Denatures proteins and DNA, by replacing functional groups w/ alkyl groups therevery killing everything they contact |
| Ethylene oxide (ex of gaseous chemosterilants) | useful due to its penetrating power; kills all microbes & endospores (requires exposure of 4 to 18 hours; sterilizes mattresses, pillows, artificial heart valves, catheters, dried powdered foods; hazardous bc explosive, poisonous, maybe carcinogenic |
| Peroxygens | kills microbes by oxidizing their enzymes, this preventing metabolism; High level disinfectant and antiseptic effective against anaerobic organisms contaminating deep wounds; Works by releasing hydroxyl radical which kill microbes |
| Ozone (ex of peroxygens) | formed when O2 is subjected to electrical discharge; Used along with chlorine to disinfect water; helps neutralize unpleasant tastes and odors; More effective killing agent than chlorine, but less stable and more expensive |
| Hydrogen peroxide (ex of peroxygens) | used to disinfect and sterilize surfaces of inanimate objects (Ex: contact lenses) Not good for open wounds bc its quickly broken down by catalase present in human cells; Sporicidal at high temps; food processors use hot hydrogen peroxide to sterilize |
| Aminoglycosides | are bactericidal; bind to 30S ribosomal unit and blocks protein synthesis → causes misreading of mRNA, creating nonsense peptides Used mainly for gram(-) infections toxic to humans, cause kidney/hearing problems so used as reserve antibiotic |
| Tetracyclines | interfere w/ attachment of tRNA carrying amino acids to the ribosome at the 30S portion of the 70S ribosome prevents addition of amino acids to polypeptide chain; use is confined to adults bc tetracyclines affect bone development & staining of teeth |
| Chloramphenicol | inhibits the formation of peptide bonds in the growing polypeptide chain by reacting w/ 50S portion of 70S prokaryotic ribosomes (translation); suppress bone marrow activity which results in a fatal condition aka aplastic anemia |
| Macrolides | inhibition of protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunit & inhibits peptidyl transferase activity or translocation of the growing peptide; Most widely used macrolides are erythromycin and clarithromycin; Relatively non-toxic antibiotic |
| sulfa drugs | aka sulfonamides; drugs are bacteriostatic; Folic acid is a coenzyme needed for synthesis of proteins, DNA, and RNA. Sulfa drugs are similar to PABA → allowing them to competitively bind to PABA which blocks folic acid production |
| Polymyxin B | is a bactericidal antibiotic effective against gram(-) bacteria; it acts by binding to the outer membrane of the cell wall; Is primarily used in topical treatment of superficial infections |
| Quinolones | broad-spectrum agent that inhibits activity of the bacterial DNA gyrase, preventing the normal functioning of DNA; Humans possess DNA gyrase, but it is structurally distinct from the bacterial enzyme and remains unaffected by the activity quinolones |
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microstudent
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