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POLSY103: Ch. 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| legislature | the body of government that makes laws |
| fusion of powers | an alternative to separation of powers, combining or blending the branches of government |
| enumerated powers of Congress | congressional powers specifically named in the Constitution |
| necessary and proper clause | constitutional authorization for Congress to make any law required to carry out its powers |
| supremacy clause | constitutional declaration that the constitution and laws made under its provisions are the supreme law of the land |
| concurrent powers | powers shared by the federal and state governments |
| dual federalism | the federal system under which the national and state governments are responsible for separate policy areas |
| cooperative federalism | the federal system under which the national and state governments share responsibilities for most domestic policy areas |
| bicameral legislature | a legislature with two chambers |
| unicameral legislature | a legislature with one chamber |
| executive | the branch of government responsible for putting laws into effect |
| electoral college | an intermediary body that elects the president |
| presidential system | government in which the executive is chosen independently of the legislature and the two branches are separate |
| parliamentary system | government in which the executive is chosen by the legislature from among its members and the two branches are merged |
| judicial power | the power to interpret laws and judge whether a law has been broken |
| judicial review | the power of supreme court to rule on the constitutionality of laws |
| legislative supremacy | an alternative to judicial review, the acceptance of legislative acts as the final law of the land |
| separation of powers | the institutional agreement that assigns legislative, executive, and judicial powers to different persons or groups thereby limiting the powers of each |
| checks and balances | the principle that allows each branch of government to exercise some form of control over others |
| unitary systems | government in which all power is centralized |
| confederal system | government is which local units hold all power |
| McCulloch v. Maryland | confirmed the supremacy of the national over state government |
| Gibbons v. Ogden | established national authority over interstate business |
| nullification | declaration by a state that a federal law is void within its borders |
| devolution | the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states |
| categorical grant | federal funds for a specific purpose and restricted by detailed instructions, regulations, and compliance standards |
| block grant | federal funds provided for a broad purpose and unrestricted by detailed requirements and regulations |
| unfunded mandate | a federal order mandating that states operate and pay for a program created at the national level |
| amendability | the provision for the Constitution to be changed, so as to adapt to new circumstance |
| intiative | citizens petitions to place a proposal or constitutional amendment on the ballot, to be adopted rejected by majority vote, bypassing the legistlature |
| recall elections | vote to remove elected officials form office |
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