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Anatomy Physiology
Anatomy Physiology Midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Any Part of the experiment that can vary or change during the experiment | variable |
| Contains every feature of the experiment except the manipulated variable | Control group |
| contains every feature of the experiment including the manipulated variable | experimental group |
| a variable that could influence the outcome of the experiment that is kept the same between the experimental and control group | controlled variable |
| typically the variable that is being measured in the experiment | dependent variable |
| the variable of interest in the experiment | independent variable |
| science that studies the form and composition of the bodys structures | gross anatomy |
| science of the larger structures of the body typically with the unaided eye | anatomy |
| subdivision of the anterior (i.e., ventral) cavity; houses abdominal and pelvic viscera | abdominopelvic cavity |
| subdivision of the anterior (i.e., ventral) cavity; houses the heart,lungs, esophagus, and trachea | thoracic cavity |
| body cavity that includes the cranial cavity and spinal cavity (i.e., vertebral cavity) | posterior cavity or dorsal cavity |
| subdivision of the thoracic cavity; houses the major vessels, trachea, and esophagus | superior mediastinum |
| thin membrane that covers the walls and organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities | serous membrane |
| serous membrane that lines the walls of the body cavity | parietal serous membranes |
| serous membranes that cover the organs | visceral serous membranes |
| the plane that divides the body into equal right and left sides, running down the mid-line of the body | midsagittal plane |
| the plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions | transverse plane |
| the number of electrons the atom will gain, lose or share when it forms bonds with other atoms. In other words the electrons on the outermost reaches of the atom | valence shell |
| substance that cannot be chemically broken down into a simpler substance | element |
| group of atoms bonded together | molecule |
| is formed when two or more atoms bond together | compound |
| atoms with the same number of protons, but differing numbers of neutrons. Isotopes are different forms of a single element | isotope |
| the number of protons or electrons normally found in an atom of a given chemical element | atomic number |
| when a positively charged ion and a negatively charged ion form a bond and one atom transfers electrons to the other | ionic bond |
| type of covalent bond between two atoms in which electrons are shared unequally | polar covalent bond |
| type of covalent bond that occurs when two atoms share a pair of electrons equally with each other | non-polar covalent bond |
| weak bonds formed between two polar regions on different molecules | hydrogen bond |
| positively charged ion | cation |
| negatively charged ion | anion |
| a molecule that gives hydrogen ions to a solution | acid |
| a molecule that removes hydrogen ions from a solution | base |
| a solution with a ph of less than 7 | acid solution |
| a solution with a ph or more than 7 | basic or alkaline solution |
| a molecule that can both donate and remove hydrogen ions in a solution. it acts to maintain a stable ph | buffer |
| class of non-polar organic compounds built from hydrocarbons and distinguished by the face that they are not soluble in water | lipids |
| class of organic compounds composed of one or more phosphate groups, a pentose sugar and a base | nucleic acids |
| a cell in which the genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes contained within a distinct nucleus | eukaryote |
| single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles | prokaryote |
| a network of tubular membranes within the cytoplasm of the cell, occurring either with a smooth surface. for metabolism of carbs, drug detoxification, attachment of receptors on a cell membrane proteins and steroid metabolism. | smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
| a minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins. they bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins | ribosomes |
| an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane | lysosomes |
| a complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of more eukaryotic cells, involved in secretion and intracellular transport | golgi apparatus |
| the material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria are composed. it consists of protein, RNA, DNA and origin | chromatin or chromosomes |
| the intermingling of substances by the natural movement of their particles | diffusion |
| a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane | osmosis |
| a measurement of how the concentration of something changes from one place to another | concentration gradient |
| Stepwise transfer of electrons from one carrier molecule as a flavor protein or a cytochrome, to another along the respiratory chain and ultimately to oxygen during the aerobic production of ATP | Electron transport chain |
| a reducing agent to donate electrons to the electron transfer system | NADH and FADH2 |
| Energy currency of the cell. the bond energy between phosphate groups releases large amounts of energy when broken | ATP |
| first stage of mitosis characterized by breakdown of the nuclear envelope and condensing of the chromatin to form chromosomes | prophase |
| final stage of mitosis, preceding cytokinesis characterized by the formation of two new daughter nuclei | telophase |
| entire life cycle of a cell excluding mitosis | interphase |
| third phase of interphase during which the cell undergoes final preparations for mitosis | G2 |
| Third stage of mitosis during which sister chromatids separate into two new nuclear regions of a dividing cell | anaphase |
| first phase of interphase after a new cell is born | G1 |
| stage of interphase during which DNA replication occurs | S Phase |
| Having two different alleles for a given gene on the homologous chromosome | heterozygous |
| underlying genetic makeup, consisting of both physically visible and non expressed alleles or an organism | genotype |
| gene variations that arise by mutation and exists at the same relative locations on homologous chromosomes | allele |
| any of the non sex chromosomes | autosomes |
| in heterozygote expression of two contrasting alleles such that the individual displays an intermediate phenotype | incomplete dominance |
| in a heterozygote complete and simultaneous expression of both alleles for the same characteristic | codominance |
| having two identical alleles for a given gene on the homologous chromosome | homozygous |
| observable traits expressed by an organism | phenotype |
| Cross between a dominant expressing individual with an unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual; the offspring phenotypes indicate whether the unknown parent is heterozygous or homozygous for the dominant trait | test cross |
| Trait which confers the same physical appearance whether an individual has two copies of the trait or one copy of the dominant trait and one copy of the recessive trait | dominant |
| Trait that appears "latent" or non-expressed when the individual also carries a dominant trait for that same characteristic; when present as two identical copies, the recessive trait is expressed | Recessive |
| Phenomenon in which alleles that are located in close proximity to each other on the same chromosome are more likely to be inherited together | gene linkage |
| individual with an error in chromosome number | aneuploid |
| otherwise diploid genotype in which one chromosome is missing | monosomy |
| individual with an incorrect number of chromosome sets | polyploid |
| failure of synapsed homologs or sister chromatids to completely separate and migrate poles during meiosis | nondisjunction |
| otherwise diploid genotype in which one entire chromosome is duplicated | trisomy |
| sum or all chemical reactions in an organism | metabolism |
| After you eat lunch, nerve cells in your stomach respond to the distension, or expansion (i.e., the stimulus) resulting from the intake of food. They relay this information to: | control center |
| A suggested and testable explanation for an event is called a: | hypothesis |
Created by:
Scarlet.loveless
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