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ThereseAngelouFullon
SCI 220-08 Anatomy
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chemical Level | Chemical structures that separate living material from non living material. |
| Cytoplasm | organization of atoms, molecules and macromolecules making living matter |
| Organelle Level | Chemical structures made from organelles that each have their own functions. Examples: Mitochrondia, Golgi apparatus |
| Cellular Level | Cells have different functions to have it’s own functions in the body, each cell has a nucleus, and it is the smallest and numerous that make up life. |
| Tissue Level | Tissues is a group of cells that work together to do a certain function in the body. examples: Ephitial tissues, connective tissues, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. |
| Organ Level | Organs is a group of tissues that preform a special function. Organs are complex units that have a unique shape, size, appearance, and placement |
| System Level | Systems are the most complex organizational units of the body. Systems have different organisms to do different functions in the body. Examples: support and movement, communication, controls and integration, transportation and defense |
| Organism Level | All of the parts of an organism work together to allow for human survival |
| Animatomical Position | Body erect with arms at side and plams forward. Head and feel pointing forward |
| Suspine | body lying upward |
| Prone | body lying downward |
| superior | toward the head |
| inferior | forward the feet, lower, belolw |
| Anterior | front, in front of |
| Posterior | back, in back of |
| Medial | toward the midline of a structure |
| Lateral | away from the midline toward the side |
| Proximal | toward or closest to the trunk. Nearest point of origin. |
| Distal | away from or fatrthest from the trunk. furthest from point of origin |
| Superficial | near the body surface |
| Deep | far away from the body surface |
| Body Planes | Sagital plane runs front to back( divide the body from left to right) Frontal plane- runs lengthwise (side to side) and divides the body anterior and postierior transverse plane is crosswise and divides the body (upper and lower) |
| Axial region | Head, neck, torso or trunck |
| Appendicular region | uppper and lower extremities and it’s subdivision |
| Hemostasis | The constant states maintained by the body. The body can readjust if there are changes. The normal is the “set point”. Examples: temperature regulation, blood regulation of Co2, |
| Levels of control | Intracellular control- regulation within the cells, Intrinsic control- Regulation within tissue or organs, chemical signals, Extrinsic control- Regulation between the organs, involves nerve signals, and involves hormone signals. |
| Elements and compounds | Matter- anything that occupies space Element- Can’t be brown down 26 elements in the human body 11 major elements 15 trace elements Compounds- atoms of 2 or more elements j |
| Atoms | Cloud model- nucleus surrounded by an electron cloud Atoms have subatomic particles found in the nucleus Protons, neutrons, elections. |
| Organic Molecules | Molecules that contain a C-C or C-H bonds. |
| Carbohydrates | Organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Examples: sugars, starches Monosaccharide- simple sugars with short carbon chain. Examples: glucose, ribose Disaccharides and polysaccharides-Di or ploy simple sugars that are bonded |
| Lipids | Water insoluble organic molecules. Energy, structural, and important part of the cell membrane. Triglycerides- source of energy, building blocks of triglycerides |
| Triglycerides | Most concentrated source of energy. The building blocks is glycerol and fatty acids. Monounsaturated -one double bond. Polyunsaturated -more that one double bond |
| Phospholipid | Lipid compounds like triglycerides. One end is hydrophilic and the other end is hydrophobic. |
| Steroids | Main component is the steroid nucleus and have both structural and functional roles. |
| Protein | Chainlike polymers of amino acids held together by peptide bonds. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins |
| DNA | Composed of deoxyribonucleotides. Made of 2 long chains coiled into a double helix. Alternating deoxyribose and phosphate are the backbone of the chains. Base pairs hold 2 chains of DNA held together by a hydrogen bond. |
| RNA | Composed of Penrose sugars, phosphate, and nitrogen. examples adenine, uracil, guanine, or cytisone. |
| Nucleotides | ATP- adenosine & adenine + 3 phosphate subunits Energy is stored in ATP |
| Cell structures | Plasma membrane- outer covering. Cytoplasm- gel like substance inside the cell made of organelles Nucleus- large membrane structure near the center of the cell |
| Cell Membrane | Plasma membrane- outer layer of the cell |
| Fluid Mosaic Model | How cells are constructed. The molecules are able to float around and chemical attractions hold the membrane together |
| Phospholipid bilayer | Main structure of a cell membrane. Heads are hydrophilic and tails are hydrophobic. Cholesterol molecules are scattered to help with body temperature. It is water soluble. |
| Integral membrane proteins | Controls movement through the membrane. Reacts to chemicals. |
| Endoplasmic Riticlum | Walled canals in parallel rows that move proteins through the cytoplasm |
| Ribosomes | Attached to the RER are scattered through the cytoplasm. Made of 2 pieces a large and small subunits |
| Golgi apperatus | Organelles made of cisternae stacked on one another near the nucleus. It processes proteins from the ER |
| Lysomes | Made of membranous sacs that have pinched inward form the plasma membrane which are filled with digestive enzymes. |
| Mitochondria | Microscopic sacs that have inner and outer membrane separated by fluids. The power plants |
| Nucleus | Spherical body in the center of a cell. Made of 2 membranes made of nucleoplasm. Contains DNA, the DNA determines both the structure and function. |
| Cytoskeleton | Cell’s internal support that can move the cell and it’s parts. Microfiliments serve as cellular muscles that glide past each other. Intermediate Filaments- twisted protein stands the s supporting frame work of the cells Microtubles-made of protein |
| Desmonsome | Fibers on the outer surface if each desmosome interlock with each other |
| Gap junctions | Membrane channels of adjacent. Forms gaps and fuse plasma to another structure |
| Tight junctions | Occur in cells that are joined by collars of tightly fused material. Molecules can’t pass the tight junctions. The lining if the intestines and other parts of the body |
Created by:
Tcfullon
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