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Muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Contractility | the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force. |
| Excitability | the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus. |
| Extensibility | the ability to be stretched. |
| Elasticity | ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched. |
| Epimysium | skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath. |
| Fascia | connective tissue located outside the epimysium; surrounds & seperates muscles. |
| Perimysium | loose connective tissue |
| Fasciculi | muscles are composed of numerous visible bundles. |
| Fibers | fasciculi are composed of single cell muscles. |
| Muscle fiber | single cylindrical cell containing several nuclei. |
| Endomysium | Fiber is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath. |
| Myofibrils | threadlike structure; extends from one end of the fiber to the other. |
| Actin myofilaments | Thin myofilaments: 2-minute strands of pearls twisted together. |
| Myosin myofilaments | Thick myofilaments: resemble bundles of minute golf clubs. |
| Sarcomere | basic structural & functional unit of the muscle. |
| Resting membrane potential | charge difference across the membrane. |
| Action potential | Brief reversal back of the charge. |
| Motor neurons | nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers. |
| Neuromuscular junction | branch that connects to the muscle. |
| Synapse | near the center of the cell. |
| Motor unit | Single motor neuron & all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates. |
| Presynaptic terminal | enlarged nerve terminal. |
| Synaptic cleft | space between the presynaptic terminal & the muscle cell. |
| Postsynaptic terminal | muscle fiber. |
| Presynaptic terminal contains? | Synaptic vesicles |
| Acetylcholine | a neurotransmitter |
| Muscle twitch | a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in 1 or more muscle fibers. |
| Sliding filament mechanism | sliding of acting myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction. |
| Threshold | the muscle fiber will contract maximally. |
| Lag phase | time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron & the beginning of a contraction. |
| Contraction phase | time of contraction |
| Relaxation phase | muscle relaxes. |
| Tetany | muscle remains contracted. |
| Recruitment | Increased number of motor units being activated. |
| Creatine Phosphate | high-energy molecule. |
| Anaerobic respiration | without oxygen |
| Aerobic respiration | with oxygen |
| Oxygen dept | oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose & to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells. |
| Muscle fatigue | ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cell. |
| Isometric (equal distance) | length of muscle doesn't change; amount of tension increases during contraction process. |
| Isotonic (equal tension) | tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, muscle length changes. |
| Muscle tone | constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time. |
| Fast-twitch fibers | contract quicky & fatigue quickly. |
| Slow-twitch fibers | contract more slowly & are more resistant to fatigue. |
| Origin (head) | most stationary end of the muscle. |
| Insertion | end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement. |
| Belly | portion of the muscle between the origin & the insertion. |
| Synergists | muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements. |
| Antagonists | muscles that work in opposition to one another. |
| Prime mover | one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement. |
| Occipitofrontalis | raises the eyebrows |
| Orbicularis oculi | closes the eyelids & causes "crow's feet" wrinkles in the skin at the lateral corners of the eye. |
| Orbicularis Oris | puckers the lips |
| Buccinator | flattens the cheeks: Trumpeter's muscle. |
| Zygomaticus | smiling muscle |
| Levator labii superioris | sneering |
| Depressor anguli Oris | frowning |
| Mastication | chewing: 4 pairs= 2 pairs of pterygoids, temporalis, and masseter. |
| Intrinsic Tongue muscle | change the shape of the tongue. |
| Extrinsic tongue muscle | move the tongue |
| Sternocleidomastoid | rotates & abducts the head. |
| Platysma | pull the corners of the mouth inferiorly, producing a downward sag of the mouth. |
| Thoracic muscles | muscles that move the thorax |
| External intercostals | elevate the ribs during inspiration |
| Internal intercostals | contract during forced expiration |
| Pectoralis major | adducts & flexes the arm. |
| Latissimus dorsi | medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm. |
| Deltoid | major abductor of the upper limb. |
| Triceps brachii | extends forearm |
| Biceps brachii | flexes forearm |
| Brachialis | flexes forearm |
| Brachioradialis | flexes & supinates the forearm. |
| Flexor carpi | flexes the wrist |
| Extensor carpi | extends the wrist. |
| Flexor digitorum | flexes the fingers. |
| Extensor digitorum | extends the fingers. |
| Gluteus maximus | contributes most of the mass of the buttocks. |
| Quadriceps femoris | extends the leg: anterior thigh muscles. |
| Sartorius | flexes the thigh |
| Hamstring muscles | posterior thigh muscles flex the leg & extends the thigh. |
| Gastrocnemius & soleus | form the calf |
| Archilles tendon | flex the foot and toes |
Created by:
jmpelfr1
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