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muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Occipitofrontal | raises the eyebrows. |
| orbicularis oculi | close the eyelids and causes wrinkles in the skin at the lateral corners of the eye. |
| orbicularis oris | puckers the lips |
| buccinators | flattens the cheeks. trumpeter's muscle. |
| zygomaticus | smiling muscle |
| levator labii superioris | sneering |
| depressor anguli oris | frowning |
| mastication | chewing |
| pairs of mastication muscles | 2 pair pterygoids, temporalis, and masseter |
| neck muscles | sternocleidomastoid, platysma |
| sternocleidomastoid | rotates and abducts the head |
| platysma | pulls the Coners of the mouth inferiorly, producing a downward sag of the mouth. |
| trunk muscles | erector spinae |
| erector spinae | keeping the back straight and the body erect. |
| thoracic muscles | muscles that move the thorax |
| muscles involved in breathing | external intercostals, internal intercostals, diaphragm |
| external intercostals | elevate the ribs during inspiration |
| internal intercostals | contract during forced expiration |
| diaphragm | accomplishes quiet breathing |
| trapezius | rotates scapula |
| serratus anterior | pulls scapula anteriorly |
| arm movements | pectoralis, latissimus dorsi, deltoid |
| pectoralis | adducts and flexes the arm |
| latissimus dorsi | medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm. swimmers muscle |
| deltoid | attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle, and is the major abductor of the upper limb. |
| forearm movements | triceps brachii, biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis |
| triceps brachii | extends the forearm. posterior |
| biceps brachii | flexes the forearm. anterior |
| brachialis | flexes forearm |
| brachioradialis | flexes and supinates the forearm |
| wrist and finger movements | flexor carpi, extensor carpi, flexor digitorum, extensor digitorum |
| flexor carpi | flexes the wrist |
| extensor carpi | extends the wrist |
| flexor digitorum | flexes the fingers |
| extensor digitorum | extends the fingers |
| intrinsic hand muscles | 19 hand muscles |
| interossei muscles | responsible for abduction and adduction of the fingers |
| thigh movements | gluteus maximus, gluteus medius |
| gluteus maximus | buttocks |
| gluteus medius | hip muscle and common injection site. |
| leg movements | quadriceps femoris, sartorius, hamstring. |
| Contractility | the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force |
| Excitability | the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus. |
| Extensibility | the ability to be stretched |
| Elasticity | ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched |
| epimysium | Each skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath |
| Fascia | is another connective tissue located outside the epimysium. |
| fasciculi | muscle is composed of numerous visible bundles |
| perimysium | surrounds fasciculi. |
| fibers | fasciculi are composed of single muscle cells called what |
| endomysium | surrounds each fiber |
| myofibrils | the cytoplasm in each fiber |
| actin myofilaments | thin myofilaments. They resemble 2 minute strands of pearls twisted together |
| myosin myofilaments | thick myofilaments. They resemble bundles of minute golf clubs. |
| sarcomeres | Actin and myosin myofilaments form highly ordered units called |
| sarcomere | basic structural and functional unit of the muscle. |
| resting membrane potential. | The charge difference across the membrane |
| action potential. | brief reversal back of the charge |
| Motor neurons | are nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers. |
| neuromuscular junction | Each branch that connects to the muscle forms |
| motor unit | A single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates are called |
| presynaptic terminal | enlarged nerve terminal |
| synaptic cleft | space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell |
| synaptic vesicles | secrete a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine. |
| acetylcholine | a neurotransmitter |
| acetylcholinesterase | The acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft between the neuron and muscle cell is rapidly broken down by an enzymes called. |
| sliding filament mechanism | The sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction |
| Muscle twitch | a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers. |
| all-or-none response. | A muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level called threshold, at which point the muscle fiber will contract maximally. |
| lag phase. | The time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction |
| contraction phase | The time of contraction |
| relaxation phase | The time during which the muscle |
| Tetany | where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing |
| recruitment | increase in number of motor units being activated is called |
| Anaerobic respiration | without oxygen. |
| Aerobic respiration | with oxygen |
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