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the Nervous System
all terms for the Nervous System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| afferent | the sensory division of the PNS |
| Alzheimer's | A progressive type of dimentia causing the brain to shrink which destroys memory and other important mental functions. |
| arbor vitae | white matter of the cerebellum; controls coordination of the arms, legs and any actions requiring hand-eye coordination |
| association neuron | also called interneuron; neurons inside the CNS that connect motor and sensory neurons |
| astrocytes | a type of star-shaped neuroglia cell that forms blood brain barrier |
| auditory | cortex of the temporal lobe responsible for processing sound information |
| autonomic | the INvoluntary division of the efferent system; the brain stem and diencephalon are the major parts of the brain that use hormones to control automatic actions for the body; controls cardiac muscle & smooth muscles of the internal organs |
| axon | the extra long sending process of a neuron; carries messages away from the cell body |
| blood-brain barrier | filters blood before it can enter the brain; it is effective against waste like urea, bacteria, parasites, etc...; it is NOT effective against thing like nutrients, alcohol, anesthetics, etc... |
| brain stem | pons, midbrain, & medulla oblongata |
| brain | cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, and diencephalon |
| Broca's area | the area of the left cerebral hemisphere that is responsible for motor control of the speech muscles |
| cell body | the bulk part of the neuron that contains the nucleus & nucleolus; it looks like the head of the neuron |
| cerebellum | section of the brain that coordinates body movements, including balance |
| cerebrospinal fluid | the fluid in the ventricles and around the brain and spinal cord; abbreviated as CSF |
| cerebrum | the largest portion of the human brain that allows for individual thought processes, skill development, and personality; also called the right & left cerebral hemispheres |
| CNS | Central Nervous System -- the brain & spinal cord |
| concussion | most common type of injury to the brain caused by a blow |
| corpus callosum | connection of the two brain hemispheres; syncs right and left sides |
| cranial nerves | 12 pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain; "Oh, Oh, Oh, to touch and feel very good velvet--ah" or "On, on, on, they traveled and found Voldemort guarding very ancient horcruxes" |
| dendrites | the receiving process of a neuron; carries messages towards the cell body |
| diencephalon | portion of the brain above the brain stem that consists of the thalamus, epithalamus, & hypothalamus |
| efferent | the motor division of the PNS; neurons or nerves of this division carry impulses away from the brain or spinal cord as a response to stimuli |
| ependymal cells | line cavities of the brain and spinal cord (CNS), circulate cerebrospinal fluid |
| fissure | deep groves in the brain like the one that divides the cerebrum into the right and left hemisphere |
| frontal | A lobe of the cerebrum that has specialized areas for skeletal muscle movement (motor cortex), abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement |
| gray matter | unmyelinated nervous tissue found in the CNS |
| gustatory | cortex of the brain that receives and interprets tastes from the tongue |
| gyrus | a ridge on the cerebral cortex surrounded by one or more sulci (looks like a worm) |
| integration | the process that happens in your CNS which allows you to interpret the sensory input and make a decision; integration neurons are also called association neurons |
| lateral ventricle | largest chamber within the cerebrum that holds the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and provides the passage for its circulation |
| longitudinal fissure | deep groove that separates left and right hemispheres |
| medulla oblongata | Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion. |
| meninges | three protective membranes that surround the brain & spinal cord (dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater) |
| meningitis | inflammation of the meninges/lining of the brain |
| microglia | phagocytic neuroglia cells that ingest and break down waste products and pathogens in the CNS |
| midbrain | Superior part of the brainstem (in the middle of the brain) that regulates temperature, motor control, sleep-wake cycle, and arousal. |
| motor cortex | the area of the brain (posterior of the frontal lobe) that controls skeletal muscle movements - the only part of the brain that controls VOLUNTARY (somatic) action |
| motor neuron | also called efferent neuron; sends an impulse to a muscle or gland (away from the CNS), causing the muscle or gland to react |
| motor output | the response of your muscles or glands to an impusle |
| myelin sheath | a fatty band of insulative lipid protein that surrounds axon fibers to allow faster impulse conduction; creates white matter; produced my oligodendrocytes in the CNS and schwann cells in the PNS |
| neuroglia | also known as "glia," support cells that provide neurons with structure, nutrients, insulation, and waste removal; they cannot even transmit impulses |
| neuron | nerve cells that transmit impulses |
| Neurotransmitters | Chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another ie. dopamine, seratonin, melatonin, etc... |
| occipital | most posterior lobe of the cerebrum that controls eyesight |
| olfactory bulb | brain structure that picks up smell information from the nose; Cranial Nerve I |
| oligodendrocytes | Type of glial cell in the CNS that wrap axons in a myelin sheath. |
| optic chiasma | the X-shaped structure formed at the point below the brain where the two nerves connecting the eyes cross over each other |
| optic nerve | the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the chiasma, then brain; Cranial Nerve II |
| parasympathetic | "rest & digest" division of the autonomic nervous system - usually influenced by emotion |
| parietal | A superiorly located lobe of the cerebrum whose functions include processing information about touch. |
| pineal body | a structure found between the cerebral hemispheres of vertebrates; secretes melatonin (neurotransmitter for sleep) |
| pituitary gland | regulates growth; also called they hypophysis; hangs from the hypothalamus of the diencephalon; probably removed when the meninges were dissected |
| PNS | Peripheral Nervous System -- all the nervous tissue located OUTSIDE of the brain & spinal cord; nerves connects the CNS to structures of the body; includes sensory receptors, afferent & efferent nerves, & effectors like muscles & glands |
| pons | Middle part of the brainstem that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain; breathing and waking |
| reflex arc | the route of a rapid, predictable and involuntary response to stimuli; includes receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector; often times, the integration center is just the spinal cord |
| reflex | simple, rapid, involuntary programmed respons to stimuli; for example, in a knee-jerk reflex, a message is being sent to the spinal cord to respond |
| satellite cell | CNS neuroglia that protect neuron cell bodies |
| Schwann cell | neuroglia that provides myelin sheathing for the axons of neurons in both the PNS and CNS |
| sensory cortex | the area of the cerebrum that receives stimuli from the skin to process touch |
| sensory input | the division of your PNS that gathers information using the 5 senses (taste, touch, smell, sight, hearing) |
| sensory neuron | also called afferent neuron; carries messages, or impulses toward the spinal cord and brain from a sensory organ |
| somatic | the VOLUNTARY division of the efferent system (skeletal muscle) |
| stimuli | changes or information received by senses |
| stroke | Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA) - caused by interruption in blood flow to the brain due to a blockage or bleeding in a cerebral artery usually near the LEFT temporal lobe |
| sulcus | a shallow groove or crease on the surface of the cortex that divides gyri |
| sympathetic | "fight or flight" division of the autonomic nervous system - usually influenced by emotion |
| synapse | junction between nerves that allows information to be transmitted from one neuron to another |
| temporal | A lobe of the cerebrum responsible for hearing and language on the left. Smell, & taste are also processed near these areas. |
| thalamus | directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla; filters out excess stimuli; middle portion of the diencephalon |
| transverse fissure | deep groove that separates cerebrum from cerebellum |
| ventricle | cavity within the brain that contains cerebral spinal fluid; the brain has four |
| visual | The sight processing areas of cortex in the occipital and temporal lobes. |
| white matter | myelinated nerve fibers (myelin sheathing is made of fat which gives it a white color) |
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