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CLST103: Midterm 1
Intro to Roman Civilization Weeks 1-4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Roma | latin word for rome |
| Anaximander of Miletus | a philosopher who made one of the first maps of the 3 continents; believed there was perfect order in the world |
| Orbis Terrarum | meant "circle of lands"; their understanding of the world |
| Mare Nostrum | meant "our sea"; what the romans called the mediterranean |
| Mondus | latin word for world |
| Peninsula | latin for "almost an island"; words like penultimate come from it |
| The Tyrrhenian Sea | the sea to the west; the name comes from their word for etruscans |
| The Adriatic Sea | the sea to the east |
| The Ionian Sea | the sea to the south; name comes from greek |
| The Apennines | the mountain range that stretches through the peninsula |
| The Alps | the mountain range to the north that protects and defines the area |
| Italo Gismondi's Model of Rome | he was ordered by mussolini to make a model of rome, it took 36 years to make and was modelled after the time of constantine |
| Latium | the region around rome/roman; now called latzio |
| Latini | the people from the region of latium |
| Alba Longa | the "mother city" of rome; a city in latium |
| Tusculum | a large city in latium |
| Lavinium | a large city in latium |
| Ostia | the port city of rome, down the tiber river from it |
| Umbrians | a region near latium |
| Oscans/Samnites | a region near latium; they frequently had tension; they were a skilled confederation |
| Italic | the language group that included much of the area nearby |
| Indo-European | the wider language family that encompasses most europeans and west/south asian languages |
| Magna Graecia | means "greater greece"; the colonies that greeks established along the coast of southern italy and on the coast of sicily; where we get our name for greece |
| Tiber River | the second longest river in italy; the river that rome was founded on; served as a border between latium and etruria |
| Etruria | the land of the etruscans |
| Mars | the god of war |
| Romulus | the first king of rome; the "founder"; born in alba longa and eventually killed his brother, remus, before creating rome |
| Capitoline Wolf | the wolf that raised romulus and remus |
| Obverse vs Reverse | the face side of the coin vs the other/opposite side |
| Lupa | means wolf |
| Palatine Hill | romulus and his followered settled on palatine hill |
| The Rape of the Sabine Women | romulus and his followers kidnapped a bunch of sabine women to add to their population |
| Quirinal Hill | where the sabines eventually settled after their truce with rome |
| All 7 Hills | Aventine, Caelian, Capitoline, Esquiline, Palatine, Quirinal, Viminal |
| The Servian Wall | surrounded the 7 hills; the name comes from servius tullius |
| Capitol | the lower hill of capitoline hill |
| Arx | the higher hill on capitoline hill; latin for "citadel"; the word akropolis is related |
| The Forum | like an agora; place for markets, speeches, events, etc |
| Urbs | latin for city; think words like "urban" and "suburbs" |
| Tusci/Tuscan | the name for the etruscans and their land; modern day tuscany |
| Cloaca Maxima | the first sewer in rome; very large |
| Lucius Tarquinis Superbus | last king of rome, who was driven out of rome in 510 bce; etruscan; superbus = arrogant/proud |
| Numa Pompilius | the second king of rome; sabine |
| Tullus Hostilius | the third king of rome; latin |
| Ancus Marcius | the fourth king of rome; sabine |
| Tarquinius Priscus | the fifth king of rome; etruscan |
| Servius Tullius | the sixth king of rome; etruscan |
| Res Publica | a public institution; a republic |
| The Growth of Rome | it was able to grow from town-kingdom-republic-empire because they were master diplomats and had great military/engineering innovations |
| Fas Est Doceri Ad Hoste | means "it is permissable to be taught by your enemies"; the romans adopted the greek phalanx |
| Veii | an etruscan city that rome went to war with; rome annexed veii in 396 bce |
| Caere | an etruscan city that rome allied with in the war against veii |
| The Apollo of Veii | a statue found honouring veii |
| Gauls | celts; people from the north parts of europe; they migrated into northern italy and then they invaded |
| Gallia | a territory in gaul; now france |
| The Battle of Allia | a battle between the gauls and romans at the allia river; on july 18th, a black day on the roman calender; the romans were massively defeated |
| The Burning of Rome | the gauls reached rome and burned it; they had to pay back money to the gauls and it led to rome expanding |
| Vae Victis | means "woe the vanquished"; basically whoever won got to make the rules |
| War with the Samnites | the war ended in a draw so there were more wars soon after |
| Via Appia | a road from rome to capua; it was overseen by the censor appius claudius |
| Ologium | latin word for epitaph |
| Highways in Italy | there were many highways built throughout italy; they were all called via ______ |
| Divide et Impera | meant "divide and rule" and refers to the policy they had when battling to take land most effectively |
| Tarentum | a state in magna graecia; now called taranto; went to war against rome in 280 bce |
| Pyrrhus of Epirus | cousin of alexander the great; a greek leader who was successful against rome but eventually defeated and lost all of souther italy to the romans |
| Sicily | there was a strong greek presence on the east side and strong carthaginian on the west; it was the first of romes overseas possessions/colonies |
| Carthage | on the coast of north africa; now tunisia; they were descended from phoenicians |
| Pyrrhic Victory | a victory where you win at a great cost |
| Phoenicia | modern day lebenon; major cities include tyre, beirut, and sidon |
| Punic | the roman word for phoenicians and carthaginians |
| 1st Punic War | the first war against carthage; 264-261 bce; it was a battle over control of the strait between italy and sicily; a largely naval war; the carthaginians sued for peace and rome took control of sicily, making it the first province |
| Corsica and Sardinia | large islands off the coast of italy |
| Gallatia | territory controlled by the celts in the north |
| Hannibal Barca | a carthaginian military leader and brilliant tactician in the second punic war; he started in spain and moved through the alps to surprise the romans |
| 2nd Punic War | carthage and rome were once again at war; hannibal had a few quick defeats over the romans until scipio entered the war and attacked africa |
| Battle of Lake Trasimene | one of the worst defeats by the carthaginians; in central italy; hannibal used the fog and natural area to surprise the roman army |
| Publius Cornelius Scipio | he was the general who defeated hannibal's armies; he got "africanus" added to his name at the end |
| Battle of Zama | where scipio's army defeated hannibals; they got the elephants to turn around and charge their own army |
| Outcome of the 2nd Punic War | rome won and aquired carthaginian spain and made it into a province; carthage remained independent but a client state of rome |
| Barca | the phoenician word for lightning |
| Macedonia | the territory right above greece |
| Transalpine Gaul | means "gaul across the alps"; the riviera in south france |
| Asia | in this context, means turkey and west asia |
| Pompey the Great | a roman general that added much of what is today turkey and syria; gnaeus pompeius magnus; worked with caesar and crassus |
| Gaius Julius Caesar | named himself perpetual dictator; kicked off the start of the empire but not an emperor; expanded the territory; started a civil war to gain control against pompey |
| Gaius Octavius | in 27 bce, took the name imperator caesar augustus; the first emperor; the great nephew of caesar; defeated marc antony and reigned until 14 ad; added huge swaths of territory |
| Ad Palatium | the palatium was the place where the emperor lived; this meant you were going to see the emperor; this is where we get our word palace |
| Danube River | river in eastern europe |
| Julio-Claudian Dynasty | the first dynasty in the empire |
| Tiberius | tiberius claudius nero caesar; augustus' stepson |
| Caligula | gaius julius caesar germanicus; caligula was a nickname that meant "little boot"; he was hated |
| Claudius | tiberius claudius drusus; augustus' great nephew; annexed a nunch of terrioty and initiated the conquest of britain |
| Nero | nero claudius caesar drusus germanicus; widely despised; was overthrowned and led to many civil wars because he bankrupted the whole empire |
| Pecunia Non Olet | literally means "the money doesn't smell"; this was done by emperor vespasian |
| Flavian Dynasty | came after the julio-claudian dynasty |
| Vespasian | titus flavian sabinus vespasianus; taxed urine; the first in the flavian dynasty |
| Titus | titus flavius vespasianus; pompeii happened when he ruled; member of the flavian dynasty |
| The Colosseum | also called the flavian amphitheatre; showed the fortune the empire had |
| Pompeii | a volcano called mt vesuvius erupted and destroed pompeii |
| Nerva | marcus cocceius nerva; only ruled a few years; the first of the "good" emperors |
| Trajan | marcus ulpius traianus; nerva's adopted son; refered to as the best emperor; added iraq and armenia and dacia; crossed the danube; the second of the "good" emperors |
| Hadrian | publius aelius hadrianus; trajan's cousin; born in hispalis (seville); built the pantheon in rome and hadrian's wall in northern england; the third of the "good" emperors |
| Antonius Pius | titus aurelius fulvius boionius antoninus; adopted by hadrian; the fourth of the "good" emperors |
| Marcus Aurelius | marcus annius verus, later marcus aurelius antoninus; was a stoic philosopher and often called "the philosopher king of rome"; the fifth of the "good" emperors |
| Dacia | now romania |
| SPQR | senatus populusque romanus |
| Forum Ulpium | built by trajan and comes from his middle name |
| Hispalis | now spain |
| Diocletian | the emperor in 284 who divided the empire into east and west |
| Augustuses and Caesars | the four rulers of the empire after diocletian; the augustuses were senior members and the caesars were the heir apparents |
| Tetrarchy | rule by 4; after the empire split |
| Diocese | the new name for the provinces after diocletian because there were only 2 |
| Par Occidentalis | west side of the empire; named after the falling of the sun |
| Par Orientalis | east side of the empire; named after the rising of the sun |
| Constantine the Great | became the senior augustus and took control; gave religious freedom to christians |
| Byzantium | in the east of the roman empire |
| Constantinopolis | built by constantine to be a "new rome" because he thought rome was vulnerable |
| Charlemagne/Carolus Magnus | crowned emperor of the holy roman empire and wanted to restore the order of the old roman empire |
| Sulten Mehmet | a turkish king who captured constantinople and renamed it istanbul |
| Istanbul | means "to the city"; a new name for constantinople |
| Caere | a city outside rome; now called cerveteri |
| Clusium | a city outside rome; now called chiusi |
| Perusia | a city outside rome; now called perugia |
| Cortona | a city outside rome; now called cortona |
| Arrestium | a city outside rome; now called arezzo |
| Volterrae | a city outside rome; now called volterra |
| Florentia | now called florence/firenze; a city in tuscany/etruscan lands |
| Neopolis | meant "new city"; modern day naples; city in magna graecia |
| Cumae | the oldest and northernmost greek settlement in italy |
| Syracuse | an important greek city in sicily |
| Panormus | means "the whole port" in greek; modern day palermo; originally a phoenician colony |
| Cisalpine Gaul | means "gaul on this side of the alps"; were the gauls in northern italy |
| Mutina | town in cisalpine gaul; modern modena; balsamic vinegar is made there |
| Mediolanum | town in cisalpine gaul; modern milano/milan; a celtic name meaning "city in the middle of the plain" |
| Augustus Taurinorum | town in cisalpine gaul; modern torino/turin; means "augusta of the taurini" |
| Veneti | the people that fled to venice and named it after themselves |
| Alexandria | the capital of egypt; founded by alexander the great |
| Jerusalem | the chief city of judaea |
| Antiochia | the capital of syria; modern anyakya in turkey |
| Pergamum | capital of asia; means "parchment" |
| Athens | city in greece |
| Corinth | city in greece |
| Ephesus | city in modern turkey |
| Damascus | city in modern syria |
| Arabia Petraea | named after the capital city of petra, which means rock; arabia means "the place where they speak arabic"; modern day jordan |
| Palmyra | an important city in syria; a major trading stop on the silk road; as it weakened their queen, zenobia, conquered much of the eastern part of the empire |
| Via Serica | the silk road; people believed that silk came from a people called the "seres" in whats likely western china |
| Hispania | a region in the west of the empire; modern spain, portugal, and angora |
| Gallia | a region in the west of the empire; modern france, belgium, and west germany |
| Africa | a region in the west of the empire; modern tunisia, algeria. and morocco |
| Britannia | a region in the west of the empire; modern england, wales, and southern scotlad |
| Rhaetia | a region in danube; modern switzerland; named after the people; it was added by augustus |
| Noricum | a region in danube; modern austria; named after a city; it was added by augustus |
| Pannonia | a region in danube; modern hungary; named after the people; it was added by augustus |
| Illyricum | a region in danube; modern croatia and bosnia; it was added by augustus |
| Moesia | a region in danube; modern serbia and bulgaria; it was added by augustus |
| Trace | a region in danube; modern bulgar; it was added by claudius |
| Dacia | a region in danube; modern romania; added by trajan |
| Achaea | a roman province in the south part of greece |
| Macedonia | a roman province in the north part of greece |
| Gallia Narbonensis | a province in southern gaul; often called just "provincia"; named after the capital (narbo); cities like massilia, nemausus, arelate, and vienna |
| Gallia Lugdinensis | a province in central gaul; modern lyon; named after the capital (lugdunum); cities like lugdunum and keltica |
| Aquitania | a province in southwest/coastal gaul; named after the people (aquitani); cities like burdigala (the capital), vascones, and basque |
| Belgica | a province in northeast gaul; the capital was durocorturum; the name comes from the belgae people |
| Rhodanus | the river that the city of arelate in gallia narbonensis lays on |
| Parisii | a tribal name that gave its name to whats currently paris; in lugdunensis |
| Remi | a tribal name that gave its name to whats currently reims; in belgica |
| Carnutes | a tribal name that gave its name to whats currently chartres; in lugdunensis |
| Treveri | a tribal name that gave its name to whats currently triers/treves; in belgica |
| Helvetii | a tribe in whats today switzerland; helvetia/confederatio helvetica are used on the stamps and coins there |
| Colonia Agrippinensis | currently cologne/koln; city in gaul |
| Bonna | currently bonn; city in gaul |
| Arverni | a powerful celtic tribe in south-central gaul; their name survives in the region of france (auvergne) |
| Aedui | established city that honoured augustus; now called burgundy/bourgogne |
| Vercingetorix | fought against julius caesar; a nobleman in arverni |
| Tarraco | now tarragona; capital of the province of hispania tarraconensis |
| Carthago Nova | now cartagena; meant "new carthage"; city in the province of hispania tarraconensis |
| Pompaelo | now pamplona; city in the province of hispania tarraconensis |
| Caesaraugusta | now saragossa; meant "the city of caesar and augustus"; city in the province of hispania tarraconensis |
| Valentia | now valencia; comes from the latin word for strength; city in the province of hispania tarraconensis |
| Barcino | now barcelona; city in the province of hispania tarraconensis |
| Castra Legionis | meant "camp of legions"; also just called "legio"; city in the province of hispania tarraconensis |
| Tolentum | now toledo; city in the province of hispania tarraconensis |
| Aqueduct in Segovia | one of the best preserved aqueducts anywhere |
| Hispania Tarraconensis | a province in the far south west of the empire; modern spain/portugal |
| Lusitania | a province in the far south west of the empire; modern spain/portugal |
| Baetica | a province in the far south west of the empire; modern spain/portugal |
| Emrite Augusta | now merida; capital of the province of lusitania |
| Olisipo | now lisbon; city in the province of lusitania |
| Corduba | now cordova; capital of the province of baetica |
| Hispalis | now seville; city in the province of baetica; was the home of trajan and hadrian |
| Gades | now cadiz; city in the province of baetica |
| Britannia | the romans were here for a much shorter time but still left their mark in the names; the conquest began in 43 ad and they ruled until the 5th century |
| Camulodunum Castra | the first capital of britannia; now called colchester; the name refers to a number of celtic gods |
| Londinium | the capital of britannia was moved here in 61 ad; modern day london; the name is celtic, not roman |
| -Chester/-Cester Ending | comes from the latin word "catra" which means a military camp/fort |
| Winchester | name comes from venta castra; venta means market town |
| Manchester | name comes from mamucium castra |
| Exeter | name comes from isca castra |
| Lincoln | name comes from lindum colonia |
| Devon and Dorset | names come from the celtic tribes that lived there, the dumnonii and the durotriges |
| Kent and Canterbury | names come from the cantiaci |
| Hibernia | ireland |
| Watling Street | one of the chief roman roads in britain; likely refers to vitelliana, an emperor |
| Fosse Way | one of the chief roman roads in britain; comes from the latin word "fossa" which means ditch, and likely refers to how they built the road |
| Eburacum | modern york; in britannia |
| Familia | family |
| Pater | father |
| Mater | mother |
| Filius | son |
| Filia | daughter |
| Frater | brother |
| Soror | sister |
| Patria Potestas | "the power of the father"; the husband'father in a family had ultimate power over his family |
| Paterfamilias | the name for the father of the family |
| Materfamilias | the name for the mother of the family |
| Nomen | revealed the clan/extended family of the man; the middle name; the most important; usually ends in -ius |
| Cognomen | revealed the immediate family; the last name |
| Pulchrii | meant handsome; cognomina of a branch of the claudian family |
| Nerones | meant manly; cognomina of a branch of the claudian family |
| Rufus | meant red-head; common cognomina |
| Secundus | meant second; common cognomina |
| Magnus | meant the great; common cognomina |
| Maximus | meant the greatest; common cognomina |
| Pictor | meant painter; common cognomina |
| Brutus | meant heavy/stupid; common cognomina |
| Crassus | meant thick/insensitive/dumb; common cognomina |
| Naso/Nasica | meant nose/big nose; common cognomina |
| Vespasia | meant wasp; common cognomina |
| Gnaues Cornelius Scipio Asina | was a commander in the punic war; his fleet was captured so the romans added "asina" to the end of his name, which meant a female jackass |
| Praenomen | meant forename; there were very few praenomen and all had standard abbreviations |
| Gaius | probably the most common praenomen; the abbreviation was c. |
| Publius | a common praenomen; came from publicus/populus which meant "from the people" |
| Aulus | an etruscan praenomen which would show how old your family was |
| Appius | a praenomen almost exclusively used by claudians |
| Maior/Minor | meant older/younger; all daughters had the name same and maior/minor would be added to indicate their birth order |
| Prima | meant the first; a common nickname would be prima |
| Secunda | meant the second; a common nickname would be secundilla |
| Tertia | meant the third; a common nickname would be tertiola |
| Plebian | the ordinary/common people class |
| Patricians | the aristocrat class |
| The Struggle of the Orders | the plebians began to demand equal rights to the patricians; it lasted 470-287 bce |
| Confarreatio | the ceremony of marriage between patricians; differed from plebian marriages because it involved priests; came from the word for "together" |
| Farreum | a type of cake used in weddings; came from "emmer" which was a type of wheat |
| Pontifex Maximus | the most important priest in rome |
| The Claudian Family Being Allowed into the Patriciate | they were the only ones ever able to join the patriciate after they fled their homeland and came to rome with a large group of followers |
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