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BMS 250 Lecture
Chapter 5 (Exam 1)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Tissue | a group of similar cells that perform a common function |
| Four major types of tissue | epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous |
| Epithelial tissue/epithelium characteristics | densely packed cells, little to no extracellular matrix (extracellular molecules secreted by cells to provide structural and biochemical support) |
| Epithelial tissue/epithelium locations | covers surfaces of the body and organs, lines cavities, forms glands |
| Epithelial tissue/epithelium characteristics | cellularity, polarity, attachment to the basement membrane, extensive innervation, and high regenerative capacity |
| Cellularity of the epithelial tissue | almost entirely close packed cells |
| Polarity of the epithelial tissue | contains both an apical and basal surface |
| Apical surface | free, superficial; exposed to the external environment |
| Basal surface | fixed, deep; where epithelium is attached to the underlying connective tissue |
| Avascularity of the epithelial tissue | nutrients absorbed directly across apical surface or by diffusion across basal surface; few or no blood vessels |
| Extensive innervation of the epithelial tissue | ability to detect changes in the environment |
| High regenerative capacity of the epithelial tissue | replacement of deepest epithelial cells ("stem cells") through cell division; necessary due to harsh environmental exposure |
| Functions of the epithelial tissue/epithelium | physical protection, selective permeability, secretions. and sensations, goblet cells, cilia, and microvilli |
| Neuroepithelium | specialized epithelial organs for major senses |
| Goblet cells | unicellular glands; secretes mucin that mixes with water and forms mucus; scattered among epithelial cells |
| Cilia | hair-like projections that move substances (e.g. mucus) along apical surface; commonly found in the respiratory and digestive tracts |
| Microvilli | finger-like projections that increase surface area for diffusion/absorption along apical surface; commonly found in digestive tract (intestines) |
| Simple | 1 cell layer thick (for diffusion, filtration, absorption, and secretion) |
| Stratified | 2+ cell layers thick (for protection) |
| Pseudostratified | only 1 layer, but appears as many (for protection) |
| Squamous | flat, wide, irregular; flattened nucleus |
| Cuboidal | as tall as wide; spherical nucleus in center |
| Columnar | taller than wide; oval nucleus nearer basal side |
| Transitional | changes shape from polyhedral to flattened |
| Simple squamous epithelial tissue | functions: diffusion and filtration; commonly found in the alveoli in the lungs; has a flattened shape |
| Non-ciliated simple columnar epithelial tissue | functions: absorption and secretion; commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract; may contain goblet cells |
| Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue | functions: goblet cells produce mucus, cilia help in movement of mucus along the airway, and provides some protection; commonly found in the respiratory tract; may contain goblet cells |
| Simple cuboidal epithelial tissue | functions: absorption and secretion; commonly found in the lining of kidney tubules |
| Ciliated simple columnar epithelial tissue | function: movement of oocyte through the uterine tube; commonly found in the lining of the uterine tube |
| Non-ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue | function: protection; commonly found in the lining of the male urethra and epididymis |
| Keratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue | function: protection; commonly found in the epidermis of the skin (keratinized section that is composed of dead cells) |
| Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue | function: protection; commonly found in the lining of the vagina and anus |
| Stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue | functions: protection and secretion; commonly found in the exocrine glands and the ovarian follicles |
| Stratified columnar epithelial tissue | functions: protection and secretion; commonly found in salivary glands and conjuctiva |
| Transitional epithelial tissue | function: accommodates urine change; commonly found in the lining of the bladder |
| Glands | primary function- secretion; composed primarily of epithelial tissue; can be individual cells or multicellular organs |
| Two major types of glands | endocrine and exocrine |
| Endocrine glands | lack ducts, secretes hormones directly into blood |
| Exocrine glands | invagination of epithelial tissue burrowed into underlying connective tissue; secretes onto epithelial surface by way of a duct |
| Types of exocrine glands | unicellular and multicellular |
| Unicellular exocrine glands | no duct; close to epithelial surface (ex. goblet cell) |
| Multicellular exocrine glands | contain numerous cells that work together to produce a secretion; often consists of acini and a duct (ex. sebaceous gland) |
| Classification of multicellular exocrine glands | classification by either the structure of the ducts (tubular vs. achar, simple vs. compound) or by method of secretion (merocrine, apocrine, holocrine) |
| Simple glands | single, unbranched duct |
| Compound glands | branched ducts |
| Tubular glands | the secretory portion and the duct have the same diameter |
| Achar glands | when the secretory portion forms an expanded sac |
| Merocrine glands | secretions released via vesicular exocytosis (ex. salivary glands, lacrimal glands, and gastric glands) |
| Apocrine glands | portion of the cytoplasm containing the secretion is released (ex. milk-producing mammary glands) |
| Holocrine glands | entire cell fills with secretion and bursts/disintegrates; high regenerative capacity of epithelial tissue allows this to happen (ex. oil-producing sebaceous glands in skin) |
| Connective tissue (CT) | most abundant, wide distributed tissue type |
| Composition of connective tissue | cells, protein fibers, and ground substance |
| Locations/functions of connective tissue | binds, supports, and protects other tissues and organs |
| Cells present in connective tissue | resident or wandering |
| Protein fibers present in connective tissue | collagen fibers, reticular fibers, elastic fibers |
| Protein fibers + ground substance= | extracellular matrix |
| Resident cells | stationary, support, maintain, and repair the extracellular matrix (ex. fibroblasts, chondrocytes, osteocytes, adipocytes, and fixed macrophages) |
| Wandering cells | continuously move throughout connective tissue; mediate immune response, help repair damaged extracellular matrix (ex. leukocytes, mast cells, and free macrophages) |
| Collagen fibers | unbranched, cable-like and long, strong, but flexible to resist stretch; abundant in tendons and ligaments |
| Reticular fibers | thinner, branching, interwoven, net-like; tough and flexible; abundant in connective tissue framework of lymphatic organs |
| Elastic fibers | branch and region, appear wavy, stretch and recoil easily, abundant in skin, arteries, and lungs |
| Ground substance | molecular (non-cellular) material produced by connective tissue cells; may be viscous (blood), semisolid (cartilage), or solid (bone); contains glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and adherent glycoproteins |
| Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) | polysaccharides with a negative charge, able to attract and absorb water; includes chondroitin sulfate, heparan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid |
| Proteoglycans | GAG linked to protein |
| Adherent glycoproteins | bond CT cells and fibers to the ground substance; includes fibronectin, fibrillin, and laminin |
| Connective tissue functions | physical protection, support and structural framework, attachment, storage, transport, and immune response |
| Connective tissue proper types | loose connective tissue proper and dense connective tissue proper |
| Loose connective tissue proper | fewer fibers and cells, more ground substance |
| Types of connective tissue | connective tissue proper, supporting connective tissue, and fluid connective tissue |
| Types of loose connective tissue | areolar, adipose, and reticular connective tissue |
| Areolar connective tissue | composed of collagen and elastic fibers, fibroblasts, and immune cells; highly vascular; abundant viscous ground substance; functions: protection, binding, provide space; commonly found in the papillary layer of dermis or subcutaneous layer |
| Adipose connective tissue | composed of packed adipocytes; highly vascular; functions- cushion, insulation, energy storage; commonly found in the subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) |
| Reticular connective tissue | composed of reticular fibers, leukocytes, and some fibroblasts; viscous ground substance; vascularized; function- stroma for lymphatic organs; commonly found in lymphatic tissue |
| Types of dense connective tissue | dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic connective tissue |
| Dense regular connective tissue | composed of dense, parallel arrangement of collagen fibers with fibroblasts squeezed in between; little ground substance and limited vascularization; function- withstand stress in one direction; commonly found in tendons and ligaments |
| Dense irregular connective tissue | composed of random, clumped arrangement of collagen fibers with fibroblasts in the spaces between; some ground substance; vascularized; function- withstand stress in all directions; commonly found in the dermis-reticular layer |
| Elastic connective tissue | composed of densely packed elastic fibers with limited fibroblasts; some ground substance; function- allows for stretch and recoil; commonly found in the aorta wall |
| How is supporting connective tissue characterized? | by the consistency of the extracellular matrix |
| Types of supporting connective tissue | cartilage and bone |
| Types of cartilage connective tissue | hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage |
| Cartilage | semisolid matrix |
| Bone | solid matrix |
| Hyaline cartilage | glassy matrix with chondrocytes in lacunae that are scatter irregularly; avascular; function- support with limited flexibility; commonly found in the trachea and the articular ends of long bones |
| Fibrocartilage | abundant parallel collagen fibers with chondrocytes in lacunae in rows between collagen fibers; avascular; function-absorb shock, resist compression; commonly found in the intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis and meniscus of the knee |
| Elastic cartilage | composed of elastic fibers with large chondrocytes in lacunae that are closely packed; avascular; function- maintain shape with extensive flexibility; commonly found in the external ear and the epiglottis |
| Types of bone connective tissue | compact bone and spongey bone |
| Compact bone | calcified ECM, arranged in osteons, the center of each osteon is a central canal, vascularized, contains osteocytes; functions- support, protection, lever for movement |
| Osteons | circular structures composed of concentric rings |
| Concentric lamellae | the rings within an osteon |
| Where do osteocytes reside in compact bone? | in lacunae between concentric lamellae |
| Central canal | houses blood vessels and nerves in compact bone |
| Spongey bone | interior to compact bone arranged in a latticework of trabeculae; vascularized (houses hematopoietic cells), contains osteocytes in lacunae between parallel lamellae; functions- energy storage, distribute force |
| Types of fluid connective tissue | blood and lymph |
| Blood connective tissue | cells present- formed elements: erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets; ground substance- plasma, mostly water with dissolved proteins, other solutes, enzymes, and antibodies |
| Lymph | contains no cell components, derived from blood plasma, returned to the blood |
| Multi-layered epithelium with flat cells filled with keratin | keratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
| Single-layered epithelium with tall cells possessing microvilli | non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium |
| Epithelium with cells that change shape in response to internal pressure | transitional epithelium |
| Acini | clusters of cells that make up the secretory portion of an exocrine gland |
Created by:
kkade
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