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AP Gov. Unit 5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What are the 4 primary linkage institutions? | - political parties - interest groups - the media - the elections |
| 15th Amendment | Right to vote shall not be denied on account of race and color |
| 17th Amendment | Direct election of senators - ⬇️ corruption |
| 19th Amendment | Women suffrage |
| 24th Amendment | No $ required to vote; no poll tax |
| 26th Amendment | Lower the voting age to 18 - after war in Vietnam protests |
| Voting Right Act of 1965 | Banned literacy tests + other obstacles to vote |
| Political Efficacy | A person’s belief that they understand + can impact politic |
| Rational-choice voting | Voter consciously decided to vote in the way that seems to most benefit their personal interest |
| Retrospective Voting | Vote based on how the incumbent has done in the past |
| Prospective Voting | Vote based on how you believe which candidate will handle the most important issues better - which candidate future plan do you like best? |
| Party-line Voting | Supporting a party by voting for their candidates for all public offices across the ballot |
| List the causes of low voter turnout. | - registration requirement - limited access to early voting - weekday election - many elections - no penalty for not voting |
| Motor-Voter Law (or National Voter Registration Act) | Allow people to register when getting a driver’s license - ⬆️ registration, but did not significantly increase voter turnout |
| Compare voter turnout in midterm vs presidential election | Voter turnout is higher for presidential election b/c of media attention + higher $ spending |
| Political Parties | Organization that seeks political power by electing members to office - 1st purpose: gain power - 2nd purpose: influence public policy |
| List the Functions of Political Parties | - mobilization (Get Out The Vote ~ GOTV) - educating voters - establish a party platform - recruit + nominate candidates - manage campaign (ex. holding events, fundraising) |
| Candidate - Centered Politics | Focus on candidates as individuals rather than party identification - since 1960s, candidates has become less dependent on party for support - Candidates were able to speak directly to voters - ⬆️ $ contributions to candidates |
| Party Identification/Partisanship | Affiliation w/ a political party |
| List the changes that influences the Party Structure | - party realignment - critical election ( = reveal major long-term changes in party loyalty) - regional realignment - party dealignment (= splitting support off/on b/w parties and increased identify as “independent”) |
| Plurality System (barrier to third-party success) | Candidates w/ most vote wins - even if < 50% |
| Winner-Take-All (barrier to third-party success) | Candidates w/ most vote wins (pluralist system) will be awarded all of the votes |
| Incorporation (barrier to third-party success) | Adoption of third party agendas into the major parties platform |
| Interest Group | Organization that attempts to influence policy either for a …. - specific purpose ~ single-issue group - general purpose ~ public interest group ex. National Rifle Association (NRA), AARP |
| Concern and challenges for interest group | - concern that they exist to benefit the desires of their members, not the general public - free-rider problem (= when non-members benefit from the efforts of an interest group) |
| List the functions of the interest group | - educate voters ~ provide expert info. - draft legislation - mobilize membership - create PACs - lobbying = persuade political leaders to support the group’s position - encourage member to vote for particular candidates - Iron triangle |
| PACs (Political Action Committees) | Raise + spend unlimited independent expenditures -> make campaign contribution |
| Presidential Election Cycle | Primaries or Caucus -> national convention -> general election -> electoral college vote |
| Primaries | Election where members of a political party vote on which candidates they want too represent them in the general election |
| Open primaries | Allowing all resident to vote in either party’s primaries (but not both) |
| Closed Primaries | Allowing only registered party members can vote |
| Caucus | Closed meeting of members of the same political party in which they discuss and vote for candidates to represent them in the general election - vote publicly |
| National Convention | - Each state sends their state of delegates to their party’s national convention to vote and confirm their choice of candidates |
| General Election | Democrat vs. Republican candidates |
| Electoral College | End of presidential election with electors in each state meet to cast the formal vote for president and vices president - need >270 votes to win |
| List the Incumbency Advantage | - they know how it’s done - casework; they already has service + assistance provided to the constituent -> people know how they act - contribution from PACs - greater name recognition - redistricting |
| Political Consultants | Professionals hired by a campaign to develop media strategy, fundraiser, research, + conduct polling |
| Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA) of 1974 | Created Federal Election Commission to oversee + regulate the money being spent in campaign - more specific limitation on individuals + PACs donations |
| Buckley v. Valero (not a require case) | Upheld most of the FECA regulations on the amount of $ an individual can give, but strike down the part that restrict how much candidate can spend on their own campaign |
| Hard Money | Funds given directly to candidate - regulated by FECA |
| Soft Money | Donations to political parties + interest groups who can buy advertisement on a candidate’s behalf - not restricted by FECA; loophole |
| Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) of 2002 | In response to excessive soft money spending, this act put restriction on the amount of soft $ being contribute - Increase hard $ limit as a compromise |
| Citizens United v. FEC | Rule in favor of Citizens United/corporation - can’t put limit on the amount of $ a corporation contribute to candidate b/c corporation = people and $ = political speech, therefore it is protected by 1st Amend. - result in creation of super PACs |
| Political Action Committee (PACs) | Organization that raise money for the sake of influencing the population to vote for their prefer candidate |
| Connected PAC (types of PACs) | - formed by corporations or other entities like labor unions - only collect funds from members - can donate $ directly to candidates in limited amount - can raise unlimited amount of $ |
| Non-connected PAC (types of PACs) | - formed independently of an organization - donations to them are limited by law - can accept donations from the public + donate directly to candidates |
| Super PAC (types of PACs) | - formed by anyone - can accept unlimited donations - cannot directly coordinate w/ a candidate |
| Changing news media | Newspapers, radio, TV -> cable TV -> Internet -> social media |
| Narrowcasting | News program that targeted specific types of ideological viewers or groups of people |
| Gatekeeper | The media get to decide what is newsworthy -> influence what become an issue + for how long |
| Agenda Setting | The media influence the list of issues that going to be addressed by the gov. |
| Scorekeeper | The media updating on who is “winning”/“losing” |
| Horserace Journalism | Tendency of media to cover campaigns by focusing on the standing of candidates in the polls + public perception rather than on the issues they discuss -> citizen are less inform |
| Confirmation bias | Seeking out + interpreting info. in a way that confirms what they already believe - increase |
| Consumer-driven Media | Focuses on attracting as many readers/viewers/listeners as possible, even at the expense of quality reporting of the news - increase |
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