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BMS 250 Lecture
Chapter 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Atom | smallest unit of life composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons |
| What makes up the nucleus of an atom? | protons and neutrons |
| What do electrons fill? | orbital shells |
| Atomic number | protons and electrons in a neutral atom |
| Atomic mass | protons and neutrons |
| Isotopes | same number of protons and electrons, but a different number of neutrons (Carbon-12, Carbon-13, Carbon-14) |
| Radioisotopes | unstable forms of an isotope that release radiation as they decay into a more stable isotope |
| Three forms of water | solid, liquid, gas |
| Functions of water in the human body | regulates temperature, transports, cushions, and removes waste |
| In water, covalent bonding occurs between what? | hydrogen and oxygen |
| Polar | electrons are shared unequally in a covalent bond (like water) |
| In water, what is the charge of the oxygen atom? | 2 partial negative charges |
| In water, what is the charge of the hydrogen atoms? | 1 partial positive charge |
| How many hydrogen bonds can each water molecule form? | 4 |
| Hydrogen bonds | weak interactions between molecules |
| In water, how do hydrogen bonds occur? | between the partially positive hydrogen atoms of one water molecule and the partial negative charge of an oxygen atom on a different molecule |
| Properties of water | polar, universal solvent, adhesion, cohesion, surface tension, high specific heat, and high heat of vaporization |
| Solubility | ability to solve many substances |
| Adhesion | attraction of water molecules to a substance other than water |
| Cohesion | attraction between water molecules |
| Surface Tension | inward pulling of cohesive forces at the surface of water |
| High specific heat | energy required to raise the temp of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celcius |
| High Heat of Vaporization | energy that must be added to a liquid substance to transform it into a gas |
| What does a high specific heat have to do with the human body? | water's ability keeps our body temperature relatively constant |
| Solvent | able to dissolve other substances |
| Hydrophilic | substances that dissolve in water; polar molecules and ions |
| Hydrophobic | substances that do not dissolve in water; nonpolar molecules |
| Ampiphalic | substances that partially dissolve in water and have both polar and nonpolar regions |
| What substances dissolve and dissociate in water? | ionic compounds, acids, bases, salts, and electrolytes |
| Electrolytes | substances that both dissolve and dissociate in water and can readily conduct an electric current |
| Hydration shells | how water molecules surround each polar molecule and prevent individual polar molecules from dissociating |
| Hydrophobic exclusion | the process in hydrophobic molecules where hydrogen bonds between water molecules cause the water molecules to be cohesive and attract to each other while excluding or forcing out nonpolar molecules |
| Hydrophobic interactions | the interaction between the molecules of the excluded nonpolar substance |
| Biological Macromolecules | large, organic molecules that always contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| Organic | containing carbon |
| Four biological macromolecules | lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins |
| Lipids | hydrophobic or amphipathic; store energy, structural components of cell membranes, and signaling through hormones |
| Carbohydrates | both an H and an OH are usually attached to every carbon; supply and store energy, component of nucleic acids, structural component of many organisms |
| Triglycerides | most common form of lipids in living things; used for long term storage in adipose connective tissue and for structural support, cushioning, and insulation of the body |
| Steroid | lipid with four carbon rings that serve as hormones |
| Eicosanoids | modified 20-carbon fatty acids that are obtained from the phospholipids of plasma membranes |
| Glycolipids | lipid molecules with an attached carbohydrate associated with plasma membranes where they serve through cellular recognition to form tissues |
| Monosaccharides | contain between three and seven carbon atoms |
| Disaccharides | contains two monosaccharides |
| Polysaccharides | contains many monosaccharides |
| Nucleic acids | DNA and RNA; built from nucleotides; store and transfer genetic material |
| DNA | 2 stranded, contains a nitrogenous base (CGAT), deoxyribose sugar, and a phosphate group, component of chromosomes and stays in the nucleus |
| RNA | 1 stranded, contains a nitrogenous base (CGAU), ribose sugar, and a phosphate group, can leave the nucleus and participates in transcription and translation |
| Proteins | structure- amino acids monomers link through peptide bonds; functions- enzymes, structural support, body movement, transport in blood, membrane transport, and participation in immunity |
| Oligopeptide | a strand of a small number of amino acids |
| Polypeptides | a larger strand of amino acids |
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