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AP Gov. Unit 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Senate has how many members and how many term do they serve? | - 100 members - 6 years term; about 1/3 reelect every 2 years |
| Requirement for Senator | - at least 30 years old - be a U.S. citizen for 9 years - live in the state |
| HOR has how many members and how many term do they serve? | - 435 members - 2 years term |
| Requirement for Representatives | - at least 25 years old - live in the district - be a citizen for 27 years |
| Compare coalition b/w Senate and HOR | Representative are more likely to follow public opinion b/c of their short term. Whereas, Senator with longer term, are more likely to follow public opinion at the final 2 years in order to get re-elect. |
| Compare debate b/w Senate and HOR | Senate have longer debate and less restriction. On the other hand, due to the House large membership, they have more rules and a limited debate of 40 minutes. |
| List (5) the delegated/enumerated power of both houses | - power of the purse; power to pass a federal budget - power to raise revenues (though income tax, tariff, etc.) - power to coin money (regulate commerce) - power to declare war - power to raise + maintain the armed forces |
| Power unique to HOR | Initiated tax laws + speeding bills |
| Power unique to Senate | - (confirmation power) confirm judges of federal courts, ambassadorships to foreign countries, and members of the president’s cabinet - ratify treaties |
| Confirmation power | Provide “advice + consent” to president for select nominations and treaties - non-legislative power of Congress (Senate) |
| Congressional oversight | |
| Performs through committees + subcommittees to review the work of executive agencies - ✔️ executive - investigate corruption - calls on experts + citizens to testitfy at hearing -> discuss gov.’s problems + provide solutions | |
| How is a bill is draft and introduce? | - A bill can be written by members of Congress, their staff, executive branch, interest groups, and their attorneys - However, only a member of Congress can introduce it |
| House Rules Committee | Set rules for debate: how long is the debate for a bill, whether to allow open or closed rules for amending bills |
| Speaker of the House | - leader - recognize members to speak on the floor - assign bills to committee |
| House Majority/Minority Leader | - guide their party members in policy making issues - direct debates - make sure their members are working together to achieve the policy outcome favorable to their own party |
| Whip (appear in both House & Senate) | - responsible party discipline - exerts pressure on party members to vote with the party - responsible for getting their party’s program enacted into law - lean on waverers |
| President of Senate (Vice President) | Doesn’t have much power; constitutional duty is to oversee the processes of the Senate - cast tie-breaker votes |
| Senate Majority Leader | Leadership of the upper house - sets legislative agenda - determine the order in which bill are to be debated (control calendar assignments of bills) - assign members to committees |
| Senate Minority Leader | Leader of the minority party in the upper house - responsible for resisting programs submitted by the majority party |
| Committee Chairperson | Committee heads - decides which bills to discuss + may kill a bill - selected by the Majority Leaders in both houses |
| Senate Minority head | |
| Filibuster (Senate debate) | A tactic of presenting a long speech (no time limit) to delay a vote on a bill |
| Cloture (Senate debate) | Requires 60 senators to commit to a vote in order to end a fillbuster |
| Holds (Senate debate) | Prevent a bill from being brought to the floor to voted on |
| Rider (Senate debate) | Attach non-germane (not relevant to the topic) amendment to a bill |
| Pork Barrel Legislation | Legislation that bring money into a representative’s district in order to please constituents + boost the representative’s chances of winning election - use of federal funding in to finance localized projects |
| Conference Committee | Resolve the differences in the Senate and House different versions of the same bill; create a compromise bill -temporary |
| Standing Committee | Proposed bill are 1st assign to committees for study - permanent, specialized - each has a jurisdiction over a certain subject ex. House Ways & Means, appropriation committee (where federal money going to be spend) |
| Sub-Committee | Formed to investigate specific topics w/in a standing committee ex. livestock, dairy, poultry |
| Select Committees | Temporary set up to investigate specific issues for a limited amount of time - no legislative authority |
| Joint Committee | Involves members of both houses, and they deal with issues of interest of both houses Ex. Joint Committee on the Library, Joint committee on printing |
| House of Ways and Means Committee | Draft tax legislation - jurisdiction/overseen over taxes, trade, entitlement programs (spending law) |
| The President’s Desk | W/in 10 days (excluding Sunday); president can… - signs the bill - veto the bill - sit on the bill —10 days—> become law or pocked veto |
| Delegate Model (models of representation) | Representative vote base on their constituents wills and wishes |
| Trustee Model (models of representation) | Representative vote base on how they personally believes is best |
| Politico Model (models of representation) | Representative vote is something base on their own opinion or sometime base on the public opinion depend on the situation |
| Pocket Veto | When the president does not sign the bill in 10 days and Congress adjourns w/in those 10 days, the bill will not become a law |
| Signing Statement | When the president unwillingly sign a bill, he can give his opinion on the law |
| Delegate Power of the President | - commander in Chief of the arm force ~ power of the sword - grant pardons - veto/sign legislation -chief diplomat ~ appoint ambassadors, negotiate treaties |
| War Power Resolution 1973 | - limit president power to wage war - president must report to congress w/in 48 hours of military action - prohibit arm force from being deployed for more than 60 days without congress’s authorization |
| Executive Order | Rule issued by president that has the power of law - often lead to conflict w/ congressional agenda - implied power - can only be overturn by the next president |
| Executive agreement | International agreements like treaties that don’t require senate confirmation - informal - last as long as the president in office |
| Federalist No. 70 | Advocate for a strong, unitary executive ~ 1 president - quick + decisive decision - make sure pre. responsible + do a better job b/c the public know who to blame |
| 22nd Amendment | Set two-term limit for president - max = 10 years |
| Bully Pulpit | Ability of president to bring the public attention to any issue or promote his agenda b/c he is an influential media appearance ex. State of Union Address: national televise speech to use public support to pressure congress |
| What is listed in the Article 3 of the Constitution? | - Judicial branch job is to interpret law - Fed. judge serve for life - congress create the lower court |
| Federalist No. 78 | - Independent judiciary ~ people can rely on them to protect the constitution; police the legislative branch - lifetime appointment mean that the judges doesn’t have to please anyone |
| Marbury v. Madison | Establish Judicial Review - the Judiciary Act of 1789 is unconstitutional - it wasn’t the SC place to rule in this case |
| Structure of the Judicial Branch | 1) SC is the highest court of appeal 2) Court of Appeals (13) - only hear challenges to original hearing 3) District Court - original jurisdiction |
| Stare Decisis | “Let the decision stand” = follow precedent ruling |
| Brown v. Broad of Education | Separate can never be equal, so racial segregation is unconstitutional b/c it violate the 14th Amend. - overturn Plessy v. Ferguson |
| Court-Curbing | Strategies for reducing the SC power or the impact of its ruillings - future appointment - legislation changing the Court’s jurisdiction - refusing to implement decisions - Congress can alter the appellate jurisdiction |
| Judicial Restraint | - Belief whenever possible, the court should defer to democracy elected branch - try to not overrule fed./state law + executive order - Think that b/c the judges not elect by the people, it is the least democratic branch |
| Judicial activism | - The court can and should overrule the other branches when they are at wrong -> make bold new policy - protect rights that doesn’t not explicitly stated in the Constitution |
| Bureaucracy | People in executive branch who implement and administer federal programs |
| Cabinet Department (Types of Bureaucratic Agencies) | Major administrative responsibilities over a broad area of policy - 15 departments; head = secretary, except Justice Department who head = attorney general - appointed by president, approved by senate ex. State dep., defense dep., education dep. |
| Independent Executive Agency | Narrow areas of responsibilities; perform public service - can be remove by president ex. SEC, EPA, NASA |
| Independent Regulatory Commissions | Experts who make rules regulating specific industries to protect the public - can only be removed for cause; independent ex. The Federal Reserve, Federal Communications Commission |
| Government Corporations | Provide services that could be provided by a private companies, but aren’t profitable ex. USPS |
| Iron Triangle | Describe the relationship b/w congress, the bureaucracy, and interest groups during the policy creation process. |
| Spoil System | Political gov employees that are hired due to political connection - corruption -> not efficient |
| Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883) | Gov. jobs shoud be awarded on the basis of merit -Established the merit system; end spoil system |
| Hatch Act (1939) | Gov. employees are prohibit from active participation in partisan policy is while on the job |
| Merit System | Gov. employees that are hired and promoted based on their ability and demonstrated performance - promote professionalism, specialization, neutrality |
| Discretionary Authority | Bureaucrat agency ability to decide how to implement a policy - Congress come up w/ broad policy and leave the details to the expert to help them make this possible |
| Rule-Making Authority | Bureaucrat agency ability to make rule + regulation that have the power of the law - make administrative law |
| Administrative adjudication | Bureaucrat agency ability to settle dispute (as court would); power to enforce administrative law + punish violated ex. fines |
| Reapportionment | Change in the # of seats each state has in the House - occur 10 years following the census |
| Redistricting | Redrawing congressional districts by state legislature following reapportionment |
| Gerrymandering | Drawing districts in bizarre shape |
| Cracking | Splitting votes of opposite party into multiple districts to prevent majority |
| Packing | Concentrating votes of opposite party into 1 district to prevent them form winning other districts |
| Baker v. Carr | Since the case regard the 14th Amend. SC can hear this case: rule in favor of baker - “one person, one vote” - districts need equal pop. = equal votes - small pop. district have equal vote as large pop. district ->violate the equal protection clause |
| Shaw v. Reno | Rule that the congressional district cannot be drawn based on race - white voters sued NC for isolate African American into the 12th district - favoring one race over the other violated the equal protection clause |
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