Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
BMS 250 Lecture
Chapter 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | the study of structure and form |
| Macroscopic/Gross Anatomy | the study of large body structures visible to the unaided eye |
| Systemic anatomy | gross anatomy that studies the anatomy of each functional system |
| Regional anatomy | gross anatomy that examines all of the structures in a particular region of the body as a complete unit |
| Surface anatomy | gross anatomy that focuses on both superficial anatomic markings and the internal body structures that relate to the skin covering them |
| Comparative anatomy | gross anatomy that examines the similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species |
| Embyrology | gross anatomy that is the discipline concerned with developmental changes occurring from conception to birth |
| Physiology | the study of function |
| Form and function are... | interrelated. Anatomists and physiologists need to appreciate both the form and function of a body part. |
| What are the characteristics of living organisms? | growth and development, metabolism, responsiveness, regulation, reproduction, and organization |
| Growth and Development | increase in size and specialization |
| Metabolism | the sum of chemical reactions |
| Catabolism | breaking something down (releases ATP) |
| Anabolism | building something up using ATP |
| Responsiveness | sense and react to stimuli |
| Regulation | adjust internal function as the environment changes |
| Reproduction | produce new cells for growth, maintenance, repair, and production of offspring |
| Levels of organization | 1. Chemical Level 2. Cellular Level 3. Tissue Level 4. Organ Level 5. Organ System Level 6. Organismal Level |
| Chemical Level | simplest level of organization in the human body involving atoms and molecules (which form macromolecules or organelles) |
| Atoms | smallest units of matter that exhibit the characteristics of an element |
| Molecules | combination of two or more atoms; more complex molecules are macromolecules which form organelles |
| Cellular level | second level of organization in the human body consisting of cells |
| Cells | smallest units of life; structural building blocks |
| Tissue Level | third level of organization in the human body consisting of tissues |
| Tissues | groups of similar cells that perform a common function |
| 4 Major Types of Tissues | epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous |
| Epithelial Tissue | covers and lines exposed surfaces and lines body cavities |
| Connective Tissue | binds, protects, and supports structures and organs |
| Muscular Tissue | produces movement |
| Nervous Tissue | conducts nerve impulses for communication |
| Organ Level | fourth level of organization in the human body composed of organs |
| Organs | two or more tissue types working together to perform specific, complex functions |
| Organ System Level | fifth level of organization in the human body containing multiple related organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve a common function |
| Organismal Level | highest level of structural organization in the body where all body systems function interdependently in an organism (living person) |
| Respiratory System | gas exchange between air in lungs and blood |
| Nervous System | control muscles and some glands, respond to stimuli, consciousness, memory, and intelligence |
| Integumentary System | protect, regulate body temp, vitamin D synthesis, and prevent water loss |
| Cardiovascular System | move blood through the body to distribute hormones/nutrients and pick up waste |
| Skeletal System | support, protect, perform hemopoiesis, calcium and phosphorous storage, and muscle attachment |
| Muscular System | produce body movements and generate heat |
| Reproductive System | produce sex cells and hormones; in females, growth and development of embryo/fetus/newborn |
| Lymphatic System | transport and filter lymph; participate in immune responses |
| Urinary System | filter waste from blood, concentrate and expel waste as urine |
| Digestive System | mechanically and chemically break down food, absorb nutrients, and expel waste |
| Endocrine System | secrete hormones to regulate growth, metabolism, digestion, reproduction, and maintain homeostasis |
| Anatomical Position | standing upright, feet parallel and flat on the floor, upper limbs at sides, palms forward, head level, and eyes forward |
| Anterior/Ventral | toward the front |
| Posterior/Dorsal | toward the back |
| Superior | closer to the head |
| Inferior | closer to the feet |
| Cranial (Cephalic) | toward the head end |
| Caudal | toward the rear or tail end |
| Rostral | toward the nose or mouth |
| Medial | toward the midline of the body |
| Lateral | away from the midline of the body |
| Ipsilateral | on the same side |
| Contralateral | on the opposite side |
| Deep | closer to the inside; internal to another structure |
| Superficial | closer to the outside; external to another structure |
| Proximal | closer to the point of attachment to trunk |
| Distal | farther away from point of attachment to trunk |
| Sagittal Plane | vertical division between left and right |
| Midsagittal Plane | split down midline resulting in equal left and right halves |
| Coronal/Frontal Plane | vertical division between anterior and posterior |
| Transverse | horizontal division between superior and inferior |
| Abdominal Region | inferior to the thorax (chest) and superior to the pelvic brim of the hip bones |
| Antebrachial Region | forearm |
| Antecubital Region | region anterior to the elbow |
| Auricular Region | visible structures of the ear |
| Axillary Region | armpit |
| Brachial Region | upper arm |
| Buccal Region | cheek |
| Calcaneal Region | heel of the foot |
| Carpal Region | wrist |
| Cephalic Region | head |
| Cervical Region | neck |
| Coxal Region | hip |
| Cranial Region | skull |
| Crural Region | lower leg (between knee and ankle) |
| Deltoid Region | shoulder |
| Digital Region | fingers or toes (also called phalangeal) |
| Dorsal/Dorsum Region | back |
| Facial Region | face |
| Femoral Region | thigh |
| Fibular Region | lateral aspect of the leg |
| Frontal Region | forehead |
| Gluteal Region | buttock |
| Inguinal Region | groin |
| Lumbar Region | the inferior part of the back between the ribs and the pelvis |
| Mammary Region | breast |
| Manus Region | hand |
| Mental Region | chin |
| Nasal Region | nose |
| Occipital Region | posterior part of the head |
| Olecranal Region | posterior aspect of the elbow |
| Oral Region | mouth |
| Orbital Region | eye |
| Palmar Region | palm |
| Patellar Region | kneecap |
| Pectoral Region | chest including mammary region |
| Pelvic Region | pelvis; region inferior to the pelvic brim of the hip bones |
| Perineal Region | diamond-shaped region between the thighs that contains the anus and external reproductive organs |
| Pes Region | foot |
| Plantar Region | sole of foot |
| Pollex Region | thumb |
| Popliteal Region | area posterior to the knee |
| Pubic Region | anterior region of the pelvis |
| Radial Region | lateral aspect (thumb side) of the forearm |
| Sacral Region | posterior region between the hip bones |
| Scapular Region | shoulder blade |
| Sternal Region | anterior middle region of the thorax |
| Sural Region | calf (posterior aspect of the leg) |
| Tarsal Region | proximal part of the foot and ankle |
| Thoracic Region | part of the torso superior to the thoracic diaphragm; contains the pectoral, axillary, and sternal regions |
| Tibial Region | medial aspect of the leg |
| Ulnar Region | medial aspect (pinky side) of the forearm |
| Umbilical Region | navel/belly button |
| Vertebral Region | spinal column |
| Axial Region | head, neck, and trunk |
| Appendicular Region | upper and lower limbs |
| Ventral Cavity | contains thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, and pelvic cavity; lined with serous membranes |
| Posterior Aspect | cranial cavity and vertebral cavity; enclosed in bones |
| Serous Membranes | thin layer of epithelial tissue that has 2 layers (parietal and visceral); ex. pericardium |
| Parietal Layer | outer layer |
| Visceral Layer | inner layer |
| Serous Fluid | fills the cavity between the parietal and visceral layers; watery, slippery consistency that lubricates organs to prevent friction |
| Pericardium | serous membrane that surrounds the heart |
| Parietal Pericardium | lines outer pericardial sac |
| Visceral Pericardium | lines external surface of heart |
| Pleura | serous membrane that surrounds the lungs |
| Parietal Pleura | lines internal surface of the thoracic wall |
| Visceral Pleura | lines external surface of lungs |
| Peritoneum | serous membrane that surrounds some abdominal organs |
| Parietal Peritoneum | lines wall of abdominopelvic cavity |
| Visceral Peritoneum | lines organs of abdominopelvic cavity |
| Nervous System Parts | eyes, brain, spinal cord, and nerves |
| Endocrine System Parts | hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal glands, parathyroid glands, pancreas, kidney, and testes/ovaries |
| Cardiovascular System Parts | heart and blood vessels |
| Integumentary System Parts | skin and associated glands, toenails, and hair |
| Lymphatic System Parts | tonsils, lymph nodes, thymus, thoracic duct, spleen, and lymph vessels |
| Respiratory System Parts | nasal cavity, nose, trachea, bronchi, lungs, larynx, and pharynx |
| Urinary System Parts | kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra |
| Digestive System Parts | salivary gland, oral cavity/mouth, pharynx, esophagus, liver, stomach, large intestine, and small intestine |
| Male Reproductive System Parts | ductus deferens, prostate gland, urethra, testis, scrotum, seminal vesicle, epididymis, and penis |
| Female Reproductive System Parts | mammary glands, ovary, uterus, vagina, external genitalia, and uterine tube |
| Homeostasis | ability to maintain a consistent, stable internal environment |
| How is homeostasis regulated? | feedback loops |
| Feedback loops | a change in a regulated variable causes effects that "feed back" to affect the same variable |
| Stimulus | change in external or internal environment; triggers feedback loop |
| Receptor | detects stimulus |
| Control Center | interprets input from receptor, initiates a change in effector |
| Effector | responds to command from control center |
| Negative Feedback | change in a variable in one direction causes effects that change the variable in the opposite direction; ex. body temp |
| Positive Feedback | change in a variable in one direction causes effects the change the variable in the same direction (increases variable until a climatic event); ex. breastfeeding & labor and delivery |
| What happens if the body fails to maintain homeostasis? | disease or death |
| What is the control center generally? | an organ of the nervous system such as the brain or spinal cord or an organ of the endocrine system such as the thyroid gland |
| What is contained in the thoracic cavity? | the mediastinum, pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, major blood vessels of the heart, and the lungs |
| What is contained in the abdominal cavity? | most of the digestive organs, as well as the kidneys and most of the ureters |
| What is contained in the pelvic cavity? | the distal part of the large intestine, the remainder of the ureters, the urinary bladder, the peritoneal cavity, and the internal reproductive organs |
Created by:
kkade
Popular Anatomy sets