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Chapter 3 Assesment

QuestionAnswer
absorbtion the process by which the products of digestion are absorbed by the blood to be supplied to the rest of the body.
adipose tissue commonly called fat; forms the subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin, where it insulates the body and protects it from bumps and extremes of both heat and cold
anaphase the centromeres that have held the chromatids together split; they begin to move slowly apart, drawn toward opposite ends of the cell
apical surface exposed to the body’s exterior or to the cavity of an internal organ
areolar tissue soft, pliable tissue like "cobwebs", functions as a packing tissue, and is the most widely distributed connective tissue
avascular without blood
basement membrane a structureless material secreted by both the epithelial cells and the connective tissue cells that abut the epithelium
bone protects and supports other body organs
calcium salts nutritional supplements given to people with calcium deficiency
cardiac muscle only found in the heart; uninucleate, relatively short branching cells that fit tightly together
centrioles od-shaped bodies that lie at right angles to each other; internally they are made up of a pinwheel array of fine microtubules; best known for their role in generating microtubules and directing the formation of the mitotic spindle
centromere a small buttonlike body that holds together the chromatids
chondrocytes cartilage cells
chromatid two strands that make up each chromosome
cilia whiplike cellular extensions that move substances along the cell surface
collagen white fibers, distinguishable by their high tensile strength
columnar epithelium made up of a single layer of tall cells that fit closely together
conductivity the measure of the ease at which an electric charge or heat can pass through a material
connective tissue supports, protects, binds, other tissues together
connexons hollow cylinders composed of proteins that span the width of the abutting membranes
cubodial epithelium cuboidal cells resting on a basement membrane, is common in glands and their ducts
cytokinesis division of the cytoplasm
cytoplasm cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane; the site of most cellular activities
cytoskeleton an elaborate network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm that acts as a cell’s “bones and muscles” by furnishing an internal framework that determines cell shape
cytosol semi-transparent fluid that suspends the other elements
dense connective tissue has collagen fibers as its main matrix element; forms strong, ropelike structures such as tendons and ligaments
desmosome anchoring junctions scattered like rivets along the sides of abutting cells; prevent cells subjected to mechanical stress (skin cells) from being pulled apart
differentially permeable If the membrane only allows certain substances to pass through
diffusion is the process by which molecules move away from a region where they are more concentrated to a region where they are less concentrated
DNA genetic material that is much like a blueprint that contains all the instructions needed for building the whole body
edema swelling of the feet and hands due to fluid retention
elastic cartilage found in structures with elasticity such as the ear
elastic fibers provide elasticity and resilience to the tissues.
endocrine glands lose their connection to the surface; their secretions diffuse directly into the blood vessels that weave through the glands
endocytosis includes those ATP-requiring processes that take up, or engulf, extracellular substances by enclosing them in a small membranous vesicle
exocrine glands retain their ducts, and their secretions empty through the ducts to the epithelial surface
exocytosis moves secretions and other substances out of the cells
extracellular matix non-living substance found outside the cells that help attach to and communicate with nearby cells
facilitated diffusion provides passage for certain needed substances that are both lipid-insoluble and too large to pass through the membrane pores
fibroblasts has an abundant rough er and a large Golgi apparatus to make and secrete the protein building blocks of these fibers
fibrocartilage a dense, whitish tissue with a distinct fibrous texture. It forms the intervertebral discs of the spine and menisci of the knee
fibrosis involves repair by dense (fibrous) connective tissue, that is, by the formation of scar tissue
filtration the process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic, pressure
flagellum projections formed by the centrioles that are substantially longer than cilia
free radicals an uncharged molecule (typically highly reactive and short-lived) having an unpaired valence electron.
gap junction commonly seen in the heart and between embryonic cells, function mainly to allow communication
goblet produce a lubricating mucus
Golgi apparatus appears as a stack of flattened membranous sacs, associated with swarms of tiny vesicles; modifies and packages proteins in specific ways, depending on their final destination
granulation tissue a delicate pink tissue composed largely of new capillaries that grow into the damaged area from undamaged blood vessels nearby
ground subtance an amorphous gel-like substance in the extracellular space that contains all components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) except for fibrous materials such as collagen and elastin
head The phosphate group is negatively charged, making the head polar and hydrophilic,
hyaline cartilage has abundant collagen fibers hidden by a rubbery matrix with a glassy blue-white appearance.
hydrophilic water loving
hydrophobic water hating
hypertonic a solution that contains more solutes, or dissolved substances, than there are inside the cells
hypotonic a solution that contains fewer solutes (and therefore more water) than the cell does
intermediate filaments form an elaborate network in the cytoplasm of most cells, extending from a ring surrounding the nucleus to the plasma membrane
interphase the cell grows and carries on its usual metabolic activities
interstitial fluid the fluid that continuously bathes the exterior of our cells
intracellular fluid a solution containing small amounts of gasses, nutrients, and salts dissolved in water
irritability the excitatory ability that living organisms have to respond to changes in their environment.
isotonic solutions that have the same solute and water concentration cells do
lacunae the small cavity containing an osteocyte in bone, or a chondrocyte in cartilage
ligament a fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone
lysosomes membranous “bags” containing powerful digestive enzymes
metaphase the chromosomes cluster and line up at the metaphase plate so that a straight line of chromosomes is seen
microfilaments (such as actin and myosin) are most involved in cell motility and in producing changes in cell shape
microtubules determine the overall shape of a cell and the distribution of organelles
microvilli tiny, fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane that project from an exposed cell surface
mitochondrion usually depicted as tiny, lozenge-like, or sausage-shaped organelles, but in living cells, they squirm, lengthen, and change shape almost continuously
mitosis division of the nucleus
neuroglia insulate, support, and protect the delicate neurons in the structures of the nervous system - the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
neurons receive and conduct electrochemical impulses from one part of the body to another
nucleolus produces and assembles the cell's ribosomes
nucleus control center of a cell and contains genetic material
organelles the metabolic machinery of the cell
osmosis diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane such as the plasma membrane
osseus tissue Tissue that gives strength and structure to bones
osteocytes a bone cell
peristalsis the involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wave-like movements that push the contents of the canal forward.
peroxisomes membranous sacs containing powerful oxidase enzymes that use molecular oxygen to detoxify a number of harmful or poisonous substances
phagocytosis “cell eating”; certain white blood cells and other “professional” phagocytes of the body act as scavenger cells that police and protect the body by ingesting bacteria and other foreign debris
phospholipid molecule amphiphilic molecules with hydrophobic fatty acid chains and hydrophilic moieties.
pinocytosis “cell drinking”; the cell “gulps” droplets of extracellular fluid
plasma The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells
prophase as cell division begins, the chromatin threads coil and shorten so that visible barlike bodies called chromosomes appear
protection placing a barrier between the pathogen and the susceptible part of the host to shield the host from the pathogen
receptor-mediated endocytosis the main cellular mechanism for taking up specific target molecules
regeneration the natural process of replacing or restoring damaged or missing cells, tissues, organs, and even entire body parts to full function in plants and animals
reticular tissue a form of loose connective tissue wherein reticular fibres are the most predominant fibrous constituent
ribosomes tiny bilobed, dark bodies made of proteins; site of protein synthesis in the cell
rough E.R. studded with ribosomes; all of the building materials of cellular membranes are formed either in it or it
scab a hard coating on the skin formed during the wound healing reconstruction phase. scab, single-chain antibody fragment.
scar Fibrous tissue that forms when normal tissue is destroyed by disease, injury, or surgery.
secretions contains protein molecules in a aqueous (water-based) fluid
secretory vesicles swollen ends of sacs located in the Golgi apparatus that are filled with proteins. They then travel to the plasma membrane
selectively permeable a membrane that allows only some substances and molecules to pass into or leave the cell.
semipermeable allowing certain substances to pass through it but not others, especially allowing the passage of a solvent but not of certain solutes
serosae provides a partition between the internal organs and the abdominal cavity.
signet ring cells a type of epithelial cell called glandular cells
simple columnar epithelium a single layer of columnar epithelial cells which are tall and slender with oval-shaped nuclei located in the basal region, attached to the basement membrane. I
simple cuboidal epithelium consists of one layer of cells whose height roughly equals their width, so in sections perpendicular to the surface, cells resemble small box-like cubes.
simple epithelium one layer of cells that are most concerned with absorption, secretion, and filtration
simple squamous epithelium a single layer of flat scale-shaped cells
skeletal muscles packaged by connective tissue sheets into organs called skeletal muscles, which are attached to the skeleton
smooth E.R. communicates with the rough variety, but plays no role in protein synthesis; functions in lipid metabolism and detoxification of drugs and pesticides
solute components or substances present in smaller amounts
solution a homogeneous mixture of two or more components
solvent the substance present in the largest amount in a solution (dissolving medium)
squamous stratified epithelium squamous (flattened) epithelial cells arranged in layers upon a basal membrane
stratified epithelia more than one cell layer; name for the cells at the free surface of the epithelial membrane
tail made up of two fatty acids, which are hydrophobic and do not dissolve in water
telophase chromosomes at opposite ends of the cell uncoil to become threadlike chromatin again
tendon attach skeletal muscles to bones
tight junction impermeable junctions that bind cells together into leakproof sheets that prevent substances from passing through the extracellular space between cells
transitional epithelium a highly modified, stratified squamous epithelium that forms the lining of only a few organs (urinary bladder, ureters, and part of the urethra)
vascular connective tissue considered a connective tissue because it consists of blood cells surrounded by a nonliving, fluid matrix called blood plasma; the “fibers” of blood are soluble protein molecules that become visible only during blood clotting
vesicular transport involves help from ATP, moves substances into or out of cells without their actually crossing the plasma membrane
visceral muscle tissue makes organs contract to move substances through
yellow fibers elastic cartilage
Created by: margaret_05
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