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Chapter 3 Assesment
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| absorbtion | the process by which the products of digestion are absorbed by the blood to be supplied to the rest of the body. |
| adipose tissue | commonly called fat; forms the subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin, where it insulates the body and protects it from bumps and extremes of both heat and cold |
| anaphase | the centromeres that have held the chromatids together split; they begin to move slowly apart, drawn toward opposite ends of the cell |
| apical surface | exposed to the body’s exterior or to the cavity of an internal organ |
| areolar tissue | soft, pliable tissue like "cobwebs", functions as a packing tissue, and is the most widely distributed connective tissue |
| avascular | without blood |
| basement membrane | a structureless material secreted by both the epithelial cells and the connective tissue cells that abut the epithelium |
| bone | protects and supports other body organs |
| calcium salts | nutritional supplements given to people with calcium deficiency |
| cardiac muscle | only found in the heart; uninucleate, relatively short branching cells that fit tightly together |
| centrioles | od-shaped bodies that lie at right angles to each other; internally they are made up of a pinwheel array of fine microtubules; best known for their role in generating microtubules and directing the formation of the mitotic spindle |
| centromere | a small buttonlike body that holds together the chromatids |
| chondrocytes | cartilage cells |
| chromatid | two strands that make up each chromosome |
| cilia | whiplike cellular extensions that move substances along the cell surface |
| collagen | white fibers, distinguishable by their high tensile strength |
| columnar epithelium | made up of a single layer of tall cells that fit closely together |
| conductivity | the measure of the ease at which an electric charge or heat can pass through a material |
| connective tissue | supports, protects, binds, other tissues together |
| connexons | hollow cylinders composed of proteins that span the width of the abutting membranes |
| cubodial epithelium | cuboidal cells resting on a basement membrane, is common in glands and their ducts |
| cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm |
| cytoplasm | cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane; the site of most cellular activities |
| cytoskeleton | an elaborate network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm that acts as a cell’s “bones and muscles” by furnishing an internal framework that determines cell shape |
| cytosol | semi-transparent fluid that suspends the other elements |
| dense connective tissue | has collagen fibers as its main matrix element; forms strong, ropelike structures such as tendons and ligaments |
| desmosome | anchoring junctions scattered like rivets along the sides of abutting cells; prevent cells subjected to mechanical stress (skin cells) from being pulled apart |
| differentially permeable | If the membrane only allows certain substances to pass through |
| diffusion | is the process by which molecules move away from a region where they are more concentrated to a region where they are less concentrated |
| DNA | genetic material that is much like a blueprint that contains all the instructions needed for building the whole body |
| edema | swelling of the feet and hands due to fluid retention |
| elastic cartilage | found in structures with elasticity such as the ear |
| elastic fibers | provide elasticity and resilience to the tissues. |
| endocrine glands | lose their connection to the surface; their secretions diffuse directly into the blood vessels that weave through the glands |
| endocytosis | includes those ATP-requiring processes that take up, or engulf, extracellular substances by enclosing them in a small membranous vesicle |
| exocrine glands | retain their ducts, and their secretions empty through the ducts to the epithelial surface |
| exocytosis | moves secretions and other substances out of the cells |
| extracellular matix | non-living substance found outside the cells that help attach to and communicate with nearby cells |
| facilitated diffusion | provides passage for certain needed substances that are both lipid-insoluble and too large to pass through the membrane pores |
| fibroblasts | has an abundant rough er and a large Golgi apparatus to make and secrete the protein building blocks of these fibers |
| fibrocartilage | a dense, whitish tissue with a distinct fibrous texture. It forms the intervertebral discs of the spine and menisci of the knee |
| fibrosis | involves repair by dense (fibrous) connective tissue, that is, by the formation of scar tissue |
| filtration | the process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic, pressure |
| flagellum | projections formed by the centrioles that are substantially longer than cilia |
| free radicals | an uncharged molecule (typically highly reactive and short-lived) having an unpaired valence electron. |
| gap junction | commonly seen in the heart and between embryonic cells, function mainly to allow communication |
| goblet | produce a lubricating mucus |
| Golgi apparatus | appears as a stack of flattened membranous sacs, associated with swarms of tiny vesicles; modifies and packages proteins in specific ways, depending on their final destination |
| granulation tissue | a delicate pink tissue composed largely of new capillaries that grow into the damaged area from undamaged blood vessels nearby |
| ground subtance | an amorphous gel-like substance in the extracellular space that contains all components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) except for fibrous materials such as collagen and elastin |
| head | The phosphate group is negatively charged, making the head polar and hydrophilic, |
| hyaline cartilage | has abundant collagen fibers hidden by a rubbery matrix with a glassy blue-white appearance. |
| hydrophilic | water loving |
| hydrophobic | water hating |
| hypertonic | a solution that contains more solutes, or dissolved substances, than there are inside the cells |
| hypotonic | a solution that contains fewer solutes (and therefore more water) than the cell does |
| intermediate filaments | form an elaborate network in the cytoplasm of most cells, extending from a ring surrounding the nucleus to the plasma membrane |
| interphase | the cell grows and carries on its usual metabolic activities |
| interstitial fluid | the fluid that continuously bathes the exterior of our cells |
| intracellular fluid | a solution containing small amounts of gasses, nutrients, and salts dissolved in water |
| irritability | the excitatory ability that living organisms have to respond to changes in their environment. |
| isotonic | solutions that have the same solute and water concentration cells do |
| lacunae | the small cavity containing an osteocyte in bone, or a chondrocyte in cartilage |
| ligament | a fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone |
| lysosomes | membranous “bags” containing powerful digestive enzymes |
| metaphase | the chromosomes cluster and line up at the metaphase plate so that a straight line of chromosomes is seen |
| microfilaments | (such as actin and myosin) are most involved in cell motility and in producing changes in cell shape |
| microtubules | determine the overall shape of a cell and the distribution of organelles |
| microvilli | tiny, fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane that project from an exposed cell surface |
| mitochondrion | usually depicted as tiny, lozenge-like, or sausage-shaped organelles, but in living cells, they squirm, lengthen, and change shape almost continuously |
| mitosis | division of the nucleus |
| neuroglia | insulate, support, and protect the delicate neurons in the structures of the nervous system - the brain, spinal cord, and nerves |
| neurons | receive and conduct electrochemical impulses from one part of the body to another |
| nucleolus | produces and assembles the cell's ribosomes |
| nucleus | control center of a cell and contains genetic material |
| organelles | the metabolic machinery of the cell |
| osmosis | diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane such as the plasma membrane |
| osseus tissue | Tissue that gives strength and structure to bones |
| osteocytes | a bone cell |
| peristalsis | the involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wave-like movements that push the contents of the canal forward. |
| peroxisomes | membranous sacs containing powerful oxidase enzymes that use molecular oxygen to detoxify a number of harmful or poisonous substances |
| phagocytosis | “cell eating”; certain white blood cells and other “professional” phagocytes of the body act as scavenger cells that police and protect the body by ingesting bacteria and other foreign debris |
| phospholipid molecule | amphiphilic molecules with hydrophobic fatty acid chains and hydrophilic moieties. |
| pinocytosis | “cell drinking”; the cell “gulps” droplets of extracellular fluid |
| plasma | The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells |
| prophase | as cell division begins, the chromatin threads coil and shorten so that visible barlike bodies called chromosomes appear |
| protection | placing a barrier between the pathogen and the susceptible part of the host to shield the host from the pathogen |
| receptor-mediated endocytosis | the main cellular mechanism for taking up specific target molecules |
| regeneration | the natural process of replacing or restoring damaged or missing cells, tissues, organs, and even entire body parts to full function in plants and animals |
| reticular tissue | a form of loose connective tissue wherein reticular fibres are the most predominant fibrous constituent |
| ribosomes | tiny bilobed, dark bodies made of proteins; site of protein synthesis in the cell |
| rough E.R. | studded with ribosomes; all of the building materials of cellular membranes are formed either in it or it |
| scab | a hard coating on the skin formed during the wound healing reconstruction phase. scab, single-chain antibody fragment. |
| scar | Fibrous tissue that forms when normal tissue is destroyed by disease, injury, or surgery. |
| secretions | contains protein molecules in a aqueous (water-based) fluid |
| secretory vesicles | swollen ends of sacs located in the Golgi apparatus that are filled with proteins. They then travel to the plasma membrane |
| selectively permeable | a membrane that allows only some substances and molecules to pass into or leave the cell. |
| semipermeable | allowing certain substances to pass through it but not others, especially allowing the passage of a solvent but not of certain solutes |
| serosae | provides a partition between the internal organs and the abdominal cavity. |
| signet ring cells | a type of epithelial cell called glandular cells |
| simple columnar epithelium | a single layer of columnar epithelial cells which are tall and slender with oval-shaped nuclei located in the basal region, attached to the basement membrane. I |
| simple cuboidal epithelium | consists of one layer of cells whose height roughly equals their width, so in sections perpendicular to the surface, cells resemble small box-like cubes. |
| simple epithelium | one layer of cells that are most concerned with absorption, secretion, and filtration |
| simple squamous epithelium | a single layer of flat scale-shaped cells |
| skeletal muscles | packaged by connective tissue sheets into organs called skeletal muscles, which are attached to the skeleton |
| smooth E.R. | communicates with the rough variety, but plays no role in protein synthesis; functions in lipid metabolism and detoxification of drugs and pesticides |
| solute | components or substances present in smaller amounts |
| solution | a homogeneous mixture of two or more components |
| solvent | the substance present in the largest amount in a solution (dissolving medium) |
| squamous stratified epithelium | squamous (flattened) epithelial cells arranged in layers upon a basal membrane |
| stratified epithelia | more than one cell layer; name for the cells at the free surface of the epithelial membrane |
| tail | made up of two fatty acids, which are hydrophobic and do not dissolve in water |
| telophase | chromosomes at opposite ends of the cell uncoil to become threadlike chromatin again |
| tendon | attach skeletal muscles to bones |
| tight junction | impermeable junctions that bind cells together into leakproof sheets that prevent substances from passing through the extracellular space between cells |
| transitional epithelium | a highly modified, stratified squamous epithelium that forms the lining of only a few organs (urinary bladder, ureters, and part of the urethra) |
| vascular connective tissue | considered a connective tissue because it consists of blood cells surrounded by a nonliving, fluid matrix called blood plasma; the “fibers” of blood are soluble protein molecules that become visible only during blood clotting |
| vesicular transport | involves help from ATP, moves substances into or out of cells without their actually crossing the plasma membrane |
| visceral muscle tissue | makes organs contract to move substances through |
| yellow fibers | elastic cartilage |
Created by:
margaret_05
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