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AP GOV Final
Chapters 1-6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| President's Annual Speech to Congress | State of the Union Address |
| 22nd Amendment | Limited President's terms to 2 or 10 years |
| What kind of states benefit from the electoral college system? | less populated |
| Refers to the formal rejection of a bill that has passed both houses of Congress | Veto |
| How long is a president's term? | 4 years |
| Policy directives issued by the president that do not require Congressional approval | Executive Order |
| Branch of government with the President | Executive |
| The inability of Congress to pass legislation due to partisanship | Gridlock |
| the time period at the end of a president's term when COngress may block presidential initiatives and nominees because the president is leaving office | lame duck |
| the condition in which the president and/or both houses of Congress represent different parties | divided government |
| the process of both parties in Congress working together to pass legislation | bipartianship |
| Congress members are less likely to vote against their party | partisanship polarization |
| the total amount of money owed by the federal government | national debt |
| the government bringing in more money than it spends | budget surplus |
| the condition in which the government spends more money that it takes in during one fiscal year | budget deficit |
| Amendment which allowed income taxes | 16th amendment |
| the spending for programs and policies that is decided by Congress and the president on a yearly basis | discretionary spending |
| makes up the bulk of yearly federal spending | entitlement programs |
| executive branch office that assists the president in setting national spending priorities | office of management and budget (OMB) |
| how can Congress override a veto | 2/3 votes in both houses |
| House of Representatives committee that determines when bills will be voted upon on the House floor | House Rules Committee |
| where do most bills die | committees |
| Amendment that guarantees people equal protection under the law | 14th Amendment |
| responsible for redrawing Congressional districts in each state | state legislature |
| the redrawing of Congressional districts | redistricting |
| what determines the number of members each state sends to the House of Representatives | population |
| what kind of vote is needed to remove or convict an executive branch official | 2/3 |
| what kind of vote is needed in the house to impeach an executive branch official? | majority |
| what part of congress holds investigative hearings? | committees |
| how can congress impede the president's proposed programs | refusal to fund |
| what are powers the congress has over the judicial branch | approve federal judges and create lower courts |
| which house of congress tries impeached presidents | House of Representatives |
| Which house of congress can impeach the president | senate |
| Amendment that gave the people the right to choose Senators | 17th |
| where must all revenue raising bills start | House of representatives |
| length of senators terms | 6 years |
| fraction of Senators that are up for reelection every two years | 1/3 |
| form of checks and balances that was put into Congress through the Constitution | bicameralism |
| what do we use to elect the president | electoral college |
| powers given to Congress in the Constitution | enumerate |
| length of house of representatives' terms | 2 years |
| principle of the Constitution that allows certain branches to curb powers of other branches | checks and balances |
| main job of the legislative branch | write laws |
| who has the power to remove the president | Congress |
| a system of sharing power between a national and state government | federalism |
| part of the government that has the power to create lower courts according to the consitution | congress |
| an addition to the constitution | amendment |
| supreme court decision that established the principle of judicial review | Marbury V Madision |
| which two amendments cancel each other out | 18th and 21st |
| the kind of government that exists in the US | republic |
| part of the constitution that deals with the amending process | 5th article |
| what are the bill of rights | the first 10 amendments |
| part of the constitution that sets up the legislative branch | 1st article |
| what were some parts of the great compromise | bicameral legislation, house representation is based on population, senate representation is equal |
| rule that the government must tell you why you are being detained | habeas corpus |
| what were some parts of the New Jersey plan | unicameral and equal representation |
| what was the legislature like in the articles of confederation | unicameral |
| what were some weaknesses of the articles of confederation | states all had 1 vote and no independent judiciary |
| what part of the government was too weak under the articles of confederation | national government |
| kind of government that James Madison wanted to establish in the United States | republic |
| apportionment | process of determining the number of representatives for each state using census data |
| block grant | type of grant in aid that gives state officials more authority in the disbursement of federal funds |
| bully pulpit | presidential appeals to the public to pressure other branches of government to support his or her policies |
| categorical grant | grants in aid provided to states with specific provisions on their use |
| civil law | a category of law covering cases involving private rights and relationships between individuals and groups |
| cloture | a procedure through which senators can end debate on a bill and proceed to action, provided 60 senators agree onit |
| committee chair | the leader of a congressional committee who has authority over the committee's agenda |
| concurring opinion | an opinion that agrees with the majority decision, offering different or additional reasoning, that does not serve as a preccedent |
| constituency | a body of voters in a specified area |
| cooperative federalism | a form of american federalism in which the states and national government work together to shape public policy |
| criminal law | a category of law covering actions determined to harm the community |
| devolution | returning more authority to state and local governments |
| discharge petition | a motion filed by a member of Congress to move a bill out of committee and onto the floor of the House for a vote |
| dissenting opinion | the opinion that disagrees with the majority opinion and does not serve as precedent |
| dual federalism | a form of American federalism in which the states and the nation operate independently in their own areas of public policy |
| entitlement programs | a program that provides benefits for those who qualify under the law, regardless of income |
| executive branch | branch of government charged with putting the nation's law into effect |
| executive order | policy directives issued by the presidents that do not require congressional approval |
| federal courts of appeals or circuit courts | the middle level of the federal judiciary; these courts review and hear appeals from the federal district courts |
| federalist no. 10 | an essay in which madison argues the dangers of factions can be mitigated by a large republic and republican government |
| federalist no. 51 | an essay in which Madison argues that separation of powers and federalism will prevent tyranny |
| filibuster | a tactic through which an individual senator may use the right of unlimited debate to delay a motion or postpone action on a piece of legislation |
| fiscal federalism | the federal government's use of grants in aid to influence policies in the states |
| full faith and credit clause | constitutional clause requiring states to recognize the public acts, records, and civil court proceedings from another state |
| gerrymandering | the intentional use of redistricting to benefit a specific interest group of voters |
| impeachment | the process of removing a president from office, with articles of impeachment issued by a majority vote in the House followed by a trial in the Senate, with a two-thirds vote necessary to convict and remove |
| incumbent | being already in office as opposed to running for the first time |
| judicial review | the authority of the supreme court to strike down a law or executive action if it conflicts with the constitution |
| logrolling | trading of votes on legislation by members of Congress to get their earmarks passed into legislation |
| majority opinion | binding supreme court opinions which serve as precedent for future cases |
| mandatory spending | spending required by existing laws that is "locked in" the budget |
| necessary and proper clause | grants the federal government the authority to pass laws required to carry out its enumerated powers (also called the elastic clause) |
| original jurisdiction | the authority of a court to act as the first court to hear a case, which included the findings of facts in the case |
| oversight | efforts by congress to ensure the executive branch agencies, bureaus, and cabinet departments, as well as their officials, are acting legally and in accordance with congressional goals |
| pocket veto | a method of killing the bill in which the president ignores it |
| political action committee | an organization that raises money for candidates and campaigns |
| precedent | judicial decision that guides future courts in handling similar situations |
| senate majority leader | the person with the most power in the senate and is head of the party with the most seats |
| speaker of the house | leader of the house chosen by an election of its members |
| state of the union address | annual speech from president to congress updating the branch on the state of national affairs |
| supreme court | highest level of the federal judiciary which was established in article 3 |
| treaty | agreement |
| war powers resolution | law passed over president nixon's veto to restrict power of the president to maintain troops |
| whip | member of congress chosen by his or her party members whose job is to ensure party unity |
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