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Anatomy Exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| anatomy | study of structure of an organism and relationship to others |
| physiology | study of function of living organisms and their parts |
| scientific method | systematic approach to discovery; hypothesis - experiments |
| chemical, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism | levels of organization from atom to organism |
| anatomical position | position used when discussing the body - body erect with palms facing up |
| superior | towards the head |
| inferior | toward the feed |
| anterior | front or in front of |
| posterior | back or in back of |
| ventral | toward the belly |
| dorsal | toward the backside |
| medial | toward the middle |
| lateral | towards the side |
| proximal | closer to the trunk of the body or nearest the point of origin |
| distal | away from the trunk of the body or farthest from a point of origin |
| superficial | near the surface |
| deep | farther from the surface |
| caudal | toward the tail or posterior |
| frontal plane | runs lengthwise from side to side, divides anterior and posterior (front to back) |
| sagittal plane | runs lengthwise from front to back, divides left and right |
| transverse plane | horizontal plane, divides the body into upper and lower |
| oblique plane | diagonally cut plane |
| the 9 abdominal cavities | |
| atrophy | degenerative process the body goes through, organs and tissues change size and function |
| homeostasis | maintaining a stable internal environment, constant internal conditions |
| negative feedback loop | negate or oppose a change in a controlled condition; constantly stabilizing conditions, bringing them back to normal; ex - being overheated, body temp |
| positive feedback loop | no common, exists in the body; stimulatory, instead of opposing change they amplify the change; ex - contractions |
| antebrachial | forearm |
| gluteal | buttock |
| cutaneous | skin |
| pedal | foot |
| lumbar | lower back |
| occipital | lower skull |
| tarsal | ankle |
| frontal | forehead |
| subatomic particles | protons, neutrons, electrons |
| ions | an atom that has gained or lost one or more of its valence electrons; gives a negative or positive charge |
| acids | forms H+ ions in a solution (1-6) |
| bases | alkaline, compound that forms OH- ions in a solution (8-14) |
| compound | substances whose molecules have more than one element in them |
| ionic bonding | transfer of electrons from one atom to another |
| covalent bond | when atoms share electrons; very strong not easily broken |
| neutralization | a reaction of an acid with a base, yielding a solution that is not as acidic or basic as the starting solutions were. |
| radioactive isotopes | an element that has a different atomic mass/number or neutrons and also has an unstable nuclei |
| inorganic compound | a compound that does not contain carbon |
| organic compound | a compound that contains carbon |
| hydrolysis | water breaks down bonds in large molecules making them into smaller ones; opposite/reverse of dehydration synthesis |
| because it has 4 valence electrons which allows it to form strong covalent bonds with many elements | why is carbon so great at bonding |
| carbohydrates | starches and sugars, monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide |
| lipids | fats and oils; steroids, triglycerides, phospholipids |
| protiens | amino acids; structural and functional |
| nucleic acids | nucleotides, DNA, RNA, ATP |
| functions of proteins | form structures of the body like fibers; carry signals and regulate functions |
| energy | function of carbohydrates |
| lipids | cholesterol, hormones (estrogen and testosterone) |
| enzymes | chemical catalysts that helps a chemical reaction occur faster |
| cell membrane | forms the outer boundary of the cell |
| vesicle | little bubbles that break off the smooth er and carry new proteins and other compounds to the Golgi |
| nucleus | contains the genetic information that controls the organelles in the cell |
| ribosome | where protein synthesis occurs |
| rough er | receives and transports synthesized proteins |
| golgi body | processes and packages proteins and sends them to the plasma membrane to be released |
| smooth er | lipids, carbs, and proteins are made here that are apart of the cell |
| mitochondria | where energy converting reactions occur continuously and supple most of the energy for cellular work |
| cytoskeleton | similar to the body's bones; provides support and movement; "skeleton" of a cell that gives it its shape |
| lysosome | break apart or digest large nutrient molecules |
| centriole | pair or organelles that form a spindle to aid in cell division |
| vacuole | help get rid of wast products (human) - maintain water balance (plant) |
| chloroplast | produce energy through photosynthesis and oxygen release processes |
| cell wall | surrounds plasma membrane of plant cells and provides strength and protection |
| cytoplasm | interior environment of each cell |
| microvilli | small, finger-like projections that increase the surface are on the cell |
| flagella | single projection of the cell that moves around like a propeller to move a cell |
| diffusion | substances scatter themselves evenly; down a concentration gradient (high to low) |
| dialysis | often used as medical procedure to remove waste of blood |
| osmosis | movement of just water molecules through selectively permeable membrane |
| filtration | movement of water and solutes through a membrane as result of a pushing force greater on one side |
| ion pump | movement of particles up concentration gradient by means of a carrier protein structure |
| phagocytosis | movement of large particles/cells into cells by trapping in plasma membrane |
| pinocytosis | movement of fluid and disolved molecules into cell by trapping in plasma membrane |
| hypertonic solution | side with higher concentration of solutes; goes through crenation (shrink) - sucks water out |
| hypotonic solution | the side with lower concentration of solutes; breaks, swells, or bursts (lyse) |
| isotonic solution | concentration is same on both sides of the membrane |
| double helix | structure of DNA |
| complementary base pairing | same 2 bases always pair with each other; A = T C = G |
| RNA | single stranded; made of nucleotides; A = U C = G |
| transcription | DNA unwinds and serves as template for mRNA, goes from nucleus to cytoplasm |
| translation | translates genetic code to protein; occurs in ribosome |
| PMAT (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) | steps of mitosis |
| stem cells | undifferentiated cells |
| nervous system | communication to and from organs, integration and control of body functions, detection of sensory stimuli |
| integumentary system | protection, maintains body temperature and homeostasis |
| digestive system | take in food/liquids and break down to give body energy, growth, and tissue repair |
| Respiratory system | helps us breathe, maintain homeostasis |
| circulatory system | transportation |
| excretory (urinary) system | maintain body fluid levels |
| muscular system | movement, maintains posture, provides heat |
| skeletal system | supports the body, storage of minerals like calcium and vitamin D |
| immune system | protects from disease and lets our body react appropriately |
| endocrince system | utilizes hormones secreted by glands into the bloodstream |
| reproductive system | produce/transport sex cells and offspring |
| nervous organs | brain, spinal cord, nerves |
| integumentary organs | skin, hair, nails, glands |
| digestive organs | mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas |
| respiratory organs | nose, pharynx/throat, trachea, bronchi, lungs |
| circulatory organs | heart, closed system of veins |
| excretory organs | kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra |
| muscular organs | skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles |
| skeletal organs | bones, cartilage, ligaments |
| immune organs | white blood cells, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, adenoids |
| endocrine organs | pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads, endocrine tissues in other systems |
| reproductive organs | ovaries, uterus, vulva, testes, urethra, vas deferens |
| functions of the skeletal system | support, protection, movement, storage, hematopoiesis |
| endochondral ossification | process in which bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage |
| intramembranous ossification | bone develops from a fibrous membrane |
Created by:
lydia werling
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