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AP Gov. Unit 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Natural Rights | People have the undeniable rights of life, liberty, and property (or happiness in the DOI) - by John Locke |
| Montesquieu proposed…. | …the separation of power -> 3 branches |
| Social Contract | There is an agreement b/w the people and the gov.; the people give up some freedom & rights in exchange for protection from the gov. - by Rousseau |
| Republicanism (indirect democracy) | People elect representatives who represent them to vote on laws - representatives answer to the people through regular elections and held accountable by the Constitution |
| Direct Democracy | Citizens vote on everything |
| Popular Sovereignty | Idea that the power of a gov. is derived from the consent of its people |
| Article of Confederation | The U.S. first constitution, but it was too weak to deal with the U.S. affairs; the federal gov. didn’t has any power (can’t tax or enforce laws) - 1 vote per state -> changes need 9 votes out of 13 (rare) - no judicial/executive branches |
| Participatory Democracy | Emphasize broad participation in politics & society no matter socioeconomic status |
| Pluralist Democracy | |
| Emphasize the role of groups in policymaking; organized groups of citizens that advocate for common interests ex. Political parties, interest group | |
| Elite Democracy | Limits participation for the common man and discourage of activism. Instead, the wealthy and educated elite are entrusted with making the decision for the population. |
| Shay’s Rebellion | Series of attacks on federal arsenal by Masschesetts farmers to prevent judges from foreclosing their home due to debt. Federal gov. can’t stop the attack…weakness -> ratification of constitution |
| Federalist | - Elite most fit to govern - Feared direct democracy - Favor strong central gov. |
| Anti-Federalist | - Feared elite rule - Feared lack of Bill of Rights - Favored strong state gov. |
| Brutus No. 1 | Anti-Fed: Believe the Constitution give the federal gov. too much power; Fear that a strong federal gov. could abuse their power and become tyrannical. - do everything to gain more power from the state - the rep. would not truly represent the people |
| Federalist No. 10 | Bring light to the danger of fractions. Large republic is better b/c you have more fractions, no one fraction will be able to take complete control, which make it harder to oppress the minority groups. |
| Fraction | A group of citizen w/ a common political purpose ex. Parties, interest group, union |
| 5 Function of Gov. | 1) maintain a national defense (armed forces) 2) provide public goods & services (ex. schools, hospitals, highways) 3) preserve order (ex. call national guard to stop riot) 4) socialize the young 5) collect taxes |
| Policymaking Systems | People w/ interests, problems, concerns -> linkage institutions -> policy agenda = political issues that attract attention -> policymaking institutions (congress, presidency - bureaucracy, courts) -> policy -> people…impact of policy |
| Linkage Institutions | Political channels that connect the people’s concerns/preferences to the policymakers in gov. ex. Elections, political parties, interest groups, media |
| Politic | Who gets what, when, and how |
| Hyperpluralism | Theory that groups are so strong that gov., seeking to please them & gives in to many different groups, is weakened |
| 4 Challenges to Democracy | 1) Not all citizens are expert in the filed of that issues to make well-informed decision 2) Limited participation in gov. 3) Escalating campaign cost 4) Diverse political interest -> conflict |
| Policy Gridlocks | Condition when interests conflict and no coalition is strong enough to form majority and establish policy, so nothing gets done. |
| Great Compromise | Combined the Virginia (large state) and the New Jersey (small state) plan and create the bicameral legislature - House of Rep. ~ proportional representation ⬆️ people = ⬆️ representatives - Senate ~ equal representation 2 per state |
| Electoral College | President & Vice President is votes by the electors, who is chosen by the states and usually vote accordingly to the their people votes in the election - 270 votes wins election |
| Three-Fifths Compromise | Every 5 slaves get count as 3 people for a state population (HOR) |
| Compromise on the Importation of Slave | No new slaves after 1800 |
| Federalist No. 51 | B/c people are not perfect, to prevent gov. From becoming tyrannical, the gov must separate its power and be divided into branches so they can check & balance each other - “Ambition must be made to counteract ambition” |
| Checks the Legislative Branch Has | ✔️ Executive: Impeach the president & override a veto with 2/3 votes ✔️ Judicial: Approve/Impeach judge, propose amendments to override judicial decisions, & change the # of federal courts |
| Impeachment | Process of legal action against any public official; if the official seems to be abusing their power, they can be impeached -> send to trial -> convicted -> removed from office |
| Checks the Executive Branch Has | ✔️ Legislative: veto legislation/laws ✔️ Judicial: nominate Supreme Court justice |
| Checks the Judicial Branch Has | Declare laws or president actions unconstitutional |
| Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) ~ fail to pass | Man and women shall have equal rights that cannot be denied - fail to acquire b/c didn’t have 3/4 vote of state legislature |
| Federalism | The way in which the national (fed.) gov. and state/regional gov. interact and share powers |
| Delegated (Enumerated) Powers | Power that the constitution give exclusively to the federal/national gov. |
| Express Powers | Power directly stated in the constitution ex. levy tax, coin money, declare war |
| Implied Power | Powers that the gov. requires to carry out the expressed constituents powers ex. draft people into the armed force |
| Inherent Power | Powers that the national gov. may exercise simply b/c it is a gov. ex. Controlling immigration |
| Reserved Powers | Powers that belong strictly to the states ex. education, marriage laws, voting, abortion, issuing licenses |
| Concurrent Powers | Powers that both federal and state gov. have ex. power to tax, building roads, pay/borrow money, establishing courts, chartering banks/corps |
| Denied Powers | Constitutional specifically denies some powers to all levels of gov. ex. may not violate the Bill of Rights |
| Categorical Grants | Federal aid given to states for specific purpose; in order to receive the money, the states must agree to the federally rules - preferred by congress b/c they have more control on how the money spend and the policy |
| Block Grant | Federal aid to state to use within a broad purpose - preferred by state b/c they can use the money however they wants |
| Mandates | Requirement that direct states/local gov. to provide additional services under threat of penalties or as a condition for federal grant - problem when it is unfunded (no sufficient support) ex. Affordable Care Act of 2010, No Child Left Behind Act |
| Elastic Clause | Allows congress to make laws that are necessary and proper to carry out their enumerated power - provide the basis for implied power |
| Commerce Clause | Congress has the power to regulate interstate commerce |
| Gibbons v. Ogden (not a required case) | SC case defined commerce activities that compass every commercial activities - movement of goods, radio signal, electricity, internet, etc. |
| Supremacy Clause | The Constitution (1), federal laws (2), and treaties (3) superior over state laws as long as the federal gov. is acting within its constitutional limits - Article VI |
| McCulloch v. Maryland | - Declared that congress has implied powers necessary to carry out it expressed power (elastic clause) - State do not have the power to tax the federal bank (Supremacy Clause) |
| US v. Lopez | - First modern limit on congressional use of the commerce clause power; the Gun Free School Zones Act of 1990 is unconstitutional - Introduction of a new federalism that emphases the important of state sovereignty (10th amend.) |
| Declaration of Independence | Wrote by Thomas Jefferson to explain why the colonies were breaking away from Great Britain - When Americans’s unalienable rights is violated, it is crucial for them to overthrown the gov. - He then listed all their grievances |
| Writ of Habeas Corpus | A court order requiring jailers to explain to the judge why they are holding a prisoner in custody. - protection against illegal imprisonment |
| Formal Ways to Amend | 1) Amendment can be proposed by approval of 2/3 of both houses of congress OR by a national convention called by 2/3 of the states 2) Amendment can be ratified by 3/4 of state legislatures (38 states) OR by conventions in 3/4 of the states |
| Informal Ways (5) to Amend | A. Congressional legislation; passes laws to spell out the vagueness in the Constitution B. Judicial Review; SC interprets the constitution by reviewing cases C. Executive Action; president executive power D. Party Practices E. Customs & tradition |
| Gonzales v. Ranch (not require case) | Ruled under the Constitution’s commerce clause, congress may criminalize the production and use of Marijuana even in the state that approve the use of it |
| Full Faith & Credit Clause | Require each state to recognize the public acts, records, and judicial proceeding of all other states ex. driver license, marriage license, brith certificate valid in all states |
| Fiscal Federalism | The pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system |
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