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Anatomy 2022 Midterm
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | Structure of body parts, their forms and how they are organized |
| Metabolism | involves the acquisition of food, using its energy and then excreting the waste produced |
| Describe homeostasis | condition of stable internal environment |
| Cell | Basic unit structure and function in living organism |
| Describe the anatomical position | body facing forward with their limbs at side and palms facing forward |
| Where is superior? | toward the head |
| Where is proximal? | Body part that is closest to the trunk of body |
| What does the skeletal system do? | supplies the frameworks the body and protects vital organs |
| What does the circulatory system do? | transports gases, hormones, and waste products |
| Where is the sagittal plane? | Runs vertically through the body and divides body into right and left |
| 5 responses to stress | - breath quickens - heart rate increases - less blood flow - digestive system slows - pupils widen |
| Adrenaline | burst of energy |
| How is temperature in homeostasis maintained in cold and heat | Cold - shivering (muscle contracting producing heat) Hot - sweat (blood vessels constrict, brain sense it and triggers sweat glands to produce sweat that evaporates from skin and carries some heat away so the skin cools |
| What is the fight or flight response? | interrupts homeostasis of the body due to stress (due to adrenaline) |
| 3 main structures in a cell | cytoplasm, cell membrane, nucleus |
| Where are organelles found? | cytoplasm |
| What is endocytosis? | some particles can go through and others like proteins cannot |
| What does lysosomes do? | enzymes breaks down food/foreign particles and destroys worn out cell parts |
| Where is genetic material in a cell found? | nucleus |
| Osmosis | movement of water from low to high concentration across a semipermeable membrane |
| Describe facilitated Diffusion | substance enters cell membrane through special protein that carries substance in |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | tubular networks that aids cell in transporting substance and protein synthesis |
| Mitochondria | powerhouse of the cell - release energy |
| Hypotonic | gained water; cell swells |
| Apoptosis | cell death |
| List the phases in Interphase | G1 - duplication of membrane ribosomes, lysosomes, mitochondria, & genetic material S - DNA duplicates G2 - Growth and duplication of organelles |
| List all the kind of tissue | connective muscle nervous epithelium |
| Basement membrane | one side of epithelial tissue is anchored to it and separates epidermis |
| Tissue | group of cells that carry out specialized functions |
| What is a transitional Epithelium and give an example | bladder - tissue that expands and goes back to normal size |
| What do goblet cells do? | produce mucus |
| Macrophages | originate as white blood cells that fights of infections |
| What is pseudostratified columnar epithelium and give an example | appear layered but are not; respiratory tract |
| What is adipose tissue and where is it found? | fat; beneath the skin in spaces between muscles and around kidneys, behind eyeballs, in abdominal membranes and on the surface of the heart |
| What is the largest organ in body? | skin |
| Serous membrane | lines the body cavities that lacks openings to the outside thorax and abdomen |
| Hypodermis | binds skin to underlying organs |
| Keratinization | hardening of older cells |
| Hair Follicle | tube-like depression from which hair develops |
| How are goose-bumps formed? | arrector pili muscle |
| Eccrine glands | produce sweat in response to environment or physical exercise |
| Melanoma | Most deadliest cancer |
| 3 characteristics of melanoma | asymmetry irregular color increase in diameter / growth |
| Where is the diaphysis part of the bone located? | shaft of bone |
| Describe periosteum | tough vascular covering of fibrous tissue enclosing a bone |
| Compact bone | tightly packed tissue without gaps in bones |
| Osteoclast | cells dissolve calcified matrix in bone |
| Endochondral bones | develops from hyaline cartilage shaped like future bony structure |
| 4 functions of skeletal system | movement protection of internal organs cell production for red and white cells storage of minerals and protein |
| Explain the axial skeleton | bony and cartilaginous parts that support and protects organs of the head neck and trunk |
| Where are the blood vessels and nerves in the bone located? | Haversian canals |
| What is the first vertebrae called? | atlas |
| Joint | where 2 bones connect |
| Ligament | tissue joins bone to muscle |
| Tendon | tissue joins bone to bone |
| Synovial joint | ends of bones are covered with hyaline cartilage and synovial membrane |
| What are the 4 kinds of joints and examples of pivotal, hinge, ball and socket, gliding? | head and neck - pivotal hinge - elbow ball and socket - hip gliding - wrist |
| Fascia | Layers of fibrous connective tissue that separates the skeletal muscle from the adjacent muscles that hold it in position |
| Fatigue | muscle lose ability to contract |
| Recruitment | increasing the muscle of motor units being activated |
| Prime mover | muscle that does most of the work |
| Origin | immovable end of a muscle |
| Acetylcholine | neurotransmitter stored at end of motor neuron |
| Threshold stimulus | series of stimuli that have increasing strength & muscle fiber is unresponsive until a certain amount of stimulation is applied |
| 3 kinds of muscle and location | skeletal - attached to bones smooth - internal organs cardiac - heart |
| 5 thing muscle do | - propel body fluids - propel food - generate heartbeat - provide muscle tone - distribute heat |
| Perimysium | connective tissue that extends inward from epimysium that separates muscle tissue into small compartments |
| Osteoblasts | cells that build bone |
| What is produced in bone marrow | red blood cells |
| Bones shaped like cylinder and an example | long bone |
| Muscles | Organs composed of specialized cells that use chemical energy stored in nutrients to contract |
| Myosin | Thick protein filament that plays large role in muscle contraction |
| Hemoglobin | substance that binds oxygen in a red blood cell |
| Peristalsis | wave like motion moving food |
| Flexion | change decrease in angle |
| Insertion | movable ends of muscle |
| Sliding Filament Model/Theory | idea of how a muscle fiber receives impulses from a nerve and causes contraction |
| Cran - | helmet |
| -ology | study of |
| -stasis | still |
| Cyt- | cell |
| Endo- | within |
| Hyper- | above |
| Inter- | between |
| Adip- | fat |
| Pseudo- | false |
| Melan- | black |
| Derm- | skin |
| Poie- | make, produce |
| Erg- | work |
| Syn- | together |
| What is selectively permeable membrane in a cell? | some particles can go through and others like proteins cannot |
| Differentiation | when cell develop different characteristics by expressing some DNA and repressing other |
| Describe motor unit | motor neuron and all muscle fiber |
Created by:
lillie R
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