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Brain Lecture 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Projection tracts | Tracts that run from the brain to the spinal cord |
| Commissural tracts | Tracts that enable to two sides of the cerebrum to communicate with each other; crosses from one cerebral hemisphere through bridges called commissures |
| Association tracts | Tracts that connect different regions within the same cerebral hemisphere |
| Neural integration | The ability of neurons to process information, store, and recall it and make decisions; carried out in grey matter of cerebrum |
| Cerebral cortex | Layer covering the surface of the hemispheres; while only 2-3mm thick, it constitutes about 40% of brain mass and contains 14 to 16 billion neurons |
| Neocortex | "New brain"; 90% of the human cerebral cortex is this six-layered tissue |
| Stellate cells | Cells in the cerebral cortex that receive sensory input and processes information on a local level |
| Pyramidal cells | Cells in the cerebral cortex that includes the output neurons of the cerebrum (only neurons that leave the cortex and connect with other parts of the CNS) |
| Basal nuclei | Masses of cerebral grey matter buried deep in the white matter, lateral to the thalamus; sends signals and receives input from substantia nigra and motor areas of cortex |
| Limbic system | Loop of the cortical structure surrounding the deep brain that is important for emotion and learning; contains cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, and amygdala |
| Cingulate gyrus | Arches over the top of the corpus callosum in the frontal and parietal lobes |
| Hippocampus | In the medial temporal lobe; important for short-term memory |
| Amygdala | Immediately rostral to the hippocampus; emotion, and is especially important in the sense of fear |
| Gratification | Sensations of pleasure or reward |
| Aversion | Sensations of fear and sorrow |
| Sleep | Higher brain function; temporary state of unconsciousness, where one could wake up when stimulated; has a restorative effect, where brain glycogen levels increase and memories are strengthened |
| Alpha waves | 8-13 Hz; found in those who are awake, but are resting with eyes closed and mind wandering. Suppressed when eyes are open or performing a mental task |
| Beta Waves | 14-30 Hz; found in those with their eyes open and performing mental tasks. Accentuated during mental activity and sensory stimulation |
| Theta waves | 4-7 Hz; found in children or in drowsy, sleeping adults. Predominance of this wave in wake adults suggests either emotional stress or brain disorder |
| Delta waves | <3.5 Hz; high amplitude waves found in infants and adults in deep sleep. Predominance of delta waves in awake adults suggests severe brain damage |
| Sleep paralysis | Inhibition of muscular activity during sleep to prevent sleepers from acting out dreams |
| Suprachiasmatic nucleus | Acts as biological clock, controlled by hypothalamus, reticular formation, thalamus, and cerebral cortex |
| Stage 1 Sleep | Individual feels drowsy, eyes closed, beginning to relax, and experiences a drifting sensation. Alpha waves dominate. Easily awakened if stimulated |
| Stage 2 Sleep | Individual passes into light sleep, but can still be easily aroused |
| Stage 3 Sleep | Individual now in moderate to deep sleep, where theta and delta waves appear. Muscles relax and vital signs decrease. |
| Stage 4 Sleep | "Slow-Wave sleep"; individual is now in a deep sleep, where their muscles are now very relaxed, they are more difficult to awaken, and their vital signs are at their lowest. Delta waves dominate |
| Rapid Eye Movement Sleep | (REM) Paradoxical sleep, eyes oscillate back and forth, vital signs increase, and dreams are more likely to be more vivid and longer. |
| Cognition | Higher brain function; mental processes by which humans acquire and use knowledge, such as sensory perception, thinking, reasoning, judgement, memory, imagination, and intuition |
| Contralateral neglect syndrome | An individual is unaware of objects that are on the opposite side of the body |
| Agnosia | The inability to recognize, identify, and name familiar objects |
| Prosopagnosia | The inability to remember familiar faces |
| Memory | Higher brain function; consists of learning, memory, and forgetting |
| Amnesia | Defects in explicit memory, though implicit memory (like playing the piano) is intact |
| Anterograde amnesia | The inability to store new information |
| Retrograde amnesia | The inability to remember information that had been previously obtained; inflammation can temporarily cause this |
| Memory Consolidation | The process of teaching the cerebral cortex until the information is sent to long-term memory |
| Prefrontal Cortex | The seat of judgement, intent, and control over expression of emotions |
| Amygdala outputs | One goes to the hypothalamus and lower brainstem to influence somatic and visceral motor systems, while the other goes to the prefrontal cortex to control the expression of emotions |
| Primary Somatosensory cortex | Postcentral gyrus; the sites where sensory input is first received, where it then goes to association areas to be interpreted |
| Somesthetic association area | Found in the parietal lobe; interprets position of limbs, the locations of a touch or pain, and the shape, weight, and texture of an object |
| Visual association area | Found in the occipital lobe; identifies the things that are seen. Faces are recognized in the temporal lobe |
| Auditory association area | Found in the temporal lobe; can, for instance, remember the name of a piece of music or identify a person by their voice |
| Vision | One of the special senses; visual signals are received by the primary visual cortex, then goes to the visual association area |
| Primary visual cortex | Area of the occipital lobe where visual signals are first received from the primary sensory cortex |
| Visual association area | Occupies the rest of the occipital lobe; interprets visual information into meaningful information, recognizing objects or faces |
| Hearing | One of the special senses; auditory signals are received by the primary auditory cortex, then passed to the auditory association area |
| Primary auditory cortex | In the superior region of the temporal lobe and insula; auditory signals are first received from the primary sensory cortex |
| Auditory association area | Temporal lobe deep and inferior to primary auditory cortex; recognizes, for instance, spoken words, a familiar piece of music, or a voice on the phone |
| Equilibrium | One of the special senses; signals for balance and sense of motion project mainly to the cerebellum and several brainstem nuclei concerned with head and eye movements and visceral functions |
| Olfaction/Smell | One of the special senses; signals are first received by the primary olfactory cortex in the medial surface of the temporal lobe and inferior surface of the frontal lobe |
| GGustation/Taste | One of the special senses; signals are first received by the primary gustatory cortex in the inferior end of the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe and anterior region of insula |
| Special senses | Senses that are limited to the head and employ relatively complex sense organs |
| General senses | Senses that are distributed over the entire body; inputs are processed by the thalamus and then selectively relayed to the postcentral gyrus |
| Sensory homunculus | Map that demonstrates that area of the cortex dedicated to the sensation of various body parts, and how sensitive that part of the body is; largest areas are dedicated to the face and the hands |
| Primary motor cortex | Precentral gyrus; processes orders by sending signals to the spinal cord that control the movement of muscles |
| Wernicke's area | Found in the left hemisphere of the brain; recognizes spoken and written language |
| Broca's area | Generates motor program for the muscles of the larynx, tongue, cheeks, and lips for speaking and for the hands when signing |
| Aprosodia | Speech that is flat and emotionless |
| Broca's aphasia | Nonfluent aphasia, caused by a lesion in Broca's area. Speech is comprehensible, but vocabulary is limited and the speech itself is choppy (e.x.: "What is your favorite candy?" "Snickers...good...yummy."). |
| Wernicke's aphasia | Fluent aphasia, caused by a lesion in Wernicke's area. Speech is normal, but is typically nonsensical. Cannot comprehend written and spoken words (e.x.: "What's your favorite candy?" "Well, I had this experience with this shmoodle and a shark tooth...") |
| Anomic aphasia | Patient can speak normally and understand speech, but cannot identify written words or pictures |
| Cerebral lateralization | The two hemispheres of the brain have different functions ("Left vs. Right brain); neither hemisphere is dominant over the other. Correlated with handedness |
| Left hemisphere | Categorical hemisphere of the brain that is specialized for spoken and written language, analytical reasoning, and rational thought. |
| Right hemisphere | Representational hemisphere of the brain that perceives information in a more integrative way, perceives patterns and relationships, compares different pieces of information, and is the seat of imagination and art |
| Cerebral palsy | Muscle incoordination that results from damage to the brain during fetal development |
| Concussion | Damage to the brain due to a blow to the head. Can lead to loss of consciousness and both visual and equilibrium disturbances |
| Encephalitis | Inflammation of the brain due to infection; can lead to neural degeneration, necrosis, delirium, seizures, and can be fatal |
| Epilepsy | A sudden massive discharge of neurons, also known as a seizure. Caused by trauma, tumors, drugs, infections, and congenital brain malformation |
| Migraine | Headaches that are severe and are accompanied by nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and an aversion to light |
| Schozophrenia | A thought disorder that involves delusions |
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Rylyn27463
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