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Ch.29
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Prenatal period | Begins with fertilization |
| Fertilization | Two gametes fuse to form new diploid cell |
| Capacitation | Physiological conditioning undergone by sperm to become capable of fertilizing the secondary oocyte |
| Sperm | Millions enter female reproductive tract but only a few hundred have a chance at fertilization |
| Corona radiata penetration | First phase of fertilization |
| Zona pellucida penetration | Release of digestive enzymes from acrosomes |
| Polyspermy | two sperm enter simultaneously |
| Fusion of sperm and oocyte plasma membranes and fusion of sperm and ovum pronuclei | Contact of sperm and oocyte plasma membranes |
| pronuclei | Nucleus of sperm and ovum |
| Zygote | single diploid cell formed |
| Cleavage | Series of mitotic divisions of zygote |
| Trophoblast | outer ring of cells surrounding cavity |
| Embryoblast | packed cells within one side of blastocyst |
| Implantation steps | Blastocyst enters lumen of uterus by end of first wee Zona pellucida around blastocyst breaks down Blastocyst burrows into the endometrium, implantation Begins by about day 7 By day 9, blastocyst completely burrowed into uterine wall |
| Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) | Produced by trophoblast |
| Extraembryonic membranes | Protect embryo |
| Yolk sac | 1st extraembryonic membrane to develop |
| Amnion | Eventually encloses entire embryo in fluid-filled sac, amniotic cavity |
| Chorion | Outermost extraembryonic membrane |
| Placenta | Highly vascular structure |
| Connecting stalk | Precursor to future umbilical cord |
| Gas and nutrient exchange | Functional layer of endometrium with maternal blood vessels |
| Placental characteristics | Expelled from uterus after the baby is born |
| Gastrulation | Critical period of development; occurs during third week |
| three primary germ layers | Epiblast |
| Three-layered structure | embryo |
| Embryonic disc | Flattened, disc-shaped 3-week embryo |
| Cephalocaudal Folding | Causes head and tail to fold on themselves |
| Transverse Folding | Left and right sides of embryo curving toward midline |
| Ectoderm | On external surface of cylindrical embryo |
| Mesoderm | Forms axial skeleton, muscle, and cartilage, dermis, and connective tissues |
| Endoderm | Becomes innermost tissue after transverse folding |
| Organogenesis | Organ development |
| Fetal period | From beginning of 3rd month to birth |
| First trimester | First 3 months of pregnancy |
| Second trimester | Months 4 to 6 of pregnancy |
| Third trimester | Months 7 to 9 of pregnancy |
| Estrogen and progesterone | Produced by corpus luteum during first trimester |
| Prolactin | Increased levels (10x) produced by anterior pituitary |
| Oxytocin | Increased levels produced by hypothalamus |
| Uterine expansion | Begins to enlarge once implantation occurs |
| Increased insulin resistance in pregnancy | Due to increased levels of corticosteroids, estrogen, progesterone, and HPL |
| Morning sickness | Experienced by many pregnant women in 1st trimester |
| Nutrition | Weight gain due to Fetus Placenta, breast, and uterine enlargement Fluid retention Adipose tissue |
| Cardiovascular system | Undergoes dramatic changes during pregnancy |
| Urinary system | Eliminates waste from mother and fetus |
| Labor | Physical expulsion of fetus and placenta from uterus |
| Premature labor | Labor prior to 38 weeks |
| True labor | uterine contractions that increase in intensity and regularity, result in changes to the cervix |
| Dilation stage | 1st stage of labor |
| Expulsion stage | Begins with complete dilation of cervix |
| Placental stage | Occurs after baby is expelled |
Created by:
amelia_leigh
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