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Ch. 28
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Both females and males have primary reproductive organs | gonads |
| females | Ovaries |
| males | testes |
| sex cells | gametes |
| Both sexes also have | accessory reproductive organs |
| Sexual union | copulation, coitus, sexual intercourse |
| If fertilization occurs, female reproductive tract provides | Support,Protection,Nourishment |
| Puberty | Onset during adolescence External sex characteristics develop |
| Hormones initiating puberty | gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) |
| anterior pituitary release two hormones | Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) |
| Gametes | Produced by males and females |
| Gametogenesis | Process of forming human sex cells |
| Female gametes | oocytes |
| Male gametes | sperm |
| Begins with cell division | meiosis |
| Hereditary information | Carried on 23 pairs of chromosomes in human body cells |
| Sex chromosomes | Two X chromosomes or one X and one Y |
| Diploid cell | 23 pairs of chromosomes |
| Haploid cell | 23 chromosomes (not 23 pairs) |
| Meiosis | Starts with diploid parent cell, Produces haploid daughter cells, gametes Begins with diploid parent cell in gonad (ovary or testis) |
| Mitosis | Somatic cell division Produces 2 daughter cells genetically identical to parent cell Diploid daughter cells |
| Meiosis | Sex cell division 4 daughter cells genetically different from parent cell Haploid daughter cells |
| Primary reproductive organs | Ovaries |
| Accessory reproductive organs | Uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitalia, mammary glands |
| Anatomy of ovaries | Ovarian follicles are the site of oocyte production and sex hormone release |
| Ovarian follicles | Consist of oocyte surrounded by follicle cells |
| Primordial follicles | Most primitive type of ovarian follicle |
| Primary oocyte | single flattened layer of follicle cells |
| Mature follicle | forms from secondary follicle |
| Corpus luteum | forms from remnants of follicle |
| Corpus albicans | formed from regressed corpus luteum |
| Oogenesis | Maturation of a primary oocyte to secondary oocyte |
| Before birth | Ovary contains primordial germ cells, oogonia |
| Childhood | Ovaries inactive with no follicles developing |
| Atresia | Regression of some primordial follicles |
| From puberty to menopause | Folliculogenesis (follicle development) begins at puberty |
| Follicular phase | Typically shown as days 1–13 of 28-day ovarian cycle |
| Granulosa cells release | inhibin |
| Ovulation | Release of secondary oocyte from mature follicle |
| Luteal phase | Remaining follicle cells become corpus luteum |
| Corpus luteum regression | Causes drop in secreted progesterone and estrogen |
| menarche | First menstrual cycle |
| Perimenopause | Time near menopause |
| Menopause | Women cease cycling for 1 year |
| Regulation of the ovarian cycle in depth | Hypothalamus secretes GnRH Stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH |
| If secondary oocyte is fertilized and implants | Called pre-embryo |
| Uterine tubes | Extend laterally from both sides of uterus toward ovaries |
| Infundibulum | Free, funnel-shaped, lateral margin of uterine tube |
| Ampulla | Expanded region of tube medial to infundibulum |
| Isthmus | Region of tube extending medially from ampulla |
| Ectopic pregnancy | Fertilized oocyte implants outside endometrium |
| Uterus | Pear-shaped muscular organ |
| Lumen | Connects to uterine tubes superolaterally |
| Uterus functions | Implantation site for pre-embryo |
| Uterus regions | Fundus, Body, Isthmus, Cervix |
| Tunics of uterine wall | Perimetrium, Myometrium, Endometrium |
| Vagina | Thick-walled, fibromuscular tube |
| Uterine cycle | Cyclical changes in endometrial lining |
| Menstrual phase | Days 1–5 of cycle |
| Proliferative phase | Days 6–14 of cycle |
| Secretory phase | Days 15–28 of cycle |
| Mammary gland (breast) | Each located within anterior thoracic wall |
| Mammary gland components | Nipple, Areola, Lactiferous ducts, |
| Lactation | Release of breast milk |
| Prolactin | Responsible for milk production |
| Oxytocin | Responsible for milk ejection |
| Primary reproductive organs (males) | Testes |
| Accessory reproductive organs (males) | Ducts and tubules leading from testes to penis |
| Scrotum characteristics | Skin-covered sac between thighs |
| Scrotum wall | External layer of skin |
| Spermatic cord | Multilayered structure traveling from abdomen to testis |
| Testicular artery | Branch from abdominal aorta |
| Pampiniform plexus | Plexus of veins surrounding testicular artery |
| Scrotum response to temperature changes | elevated- relaxation of smooth muscle decreased- contraction of smooth muscles |
| Testes | Relatively small organs housed within the scrotum |
| Seminiferous tubules | Extremely convoluted and elongated |
| Interstitial cells | Reside in interstitial spaces |
| Hormonal regulation | Hypothalamus secretes GnRH, FSH and LH stimulate spermatogenesis and androgen production |
| Increased testosterone has multiple effects | Facilitates spermatogenesis |
| Sustentacular cells release inhibin | Respond to rising sperm count levels |
| Spermatogenesis | Process of sperm development |
| spermiogenesis | Final stage of spermatogenesis |
| Chlamydia | Most frequently reported in U.S. |
| Genital herpes | Caused by herpes simplex virus |
| Gonorrhea | Caused by bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae |
| Syphilis | Caused by bacterium Treponema pallidum |
| Epididymis | Stores sperm until they are fully mature and motile |
| Ductus deferens (vas deferens) | Sperm enter after leaving epididymis |
| Ejaculatory duct | Conducts sperm and a component of seminal fluid toward urethra |
| Urethra | Transports semen from ejaculatory ducts to outside of body |
| Prostatic urethra | extending from bladder through prostate gland |
| Membranous urethra | continuing through urogenital diaphragm |
| Spongy urethra | extending through penis |
| Seminal fluid | Alkaline secretion needed to neutralize vaginal acidity |
| Seminal vesicles | On posterior urinary bladder lateral to ampulla of ductus deferens |
| Prostate gland | Compact, walnut-shaped encapsulated organ immediately inferior to bladder |
| Bulbourethral glands | Paired glands located within urogenital diaphragm |
| Semen | Formed from seminal fluid and sperm |
| Penis | Forms external genitalia with scrotum |
| Root | Internally attached portion of penis |
| Body | Elongated movable portion |
| Glans | Distal portion of penis |
Created by:
amelia_leigh
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